Gut Microbiota: Effects and Benefits Brooke Blonquist, Shelby Ellsworth, Marisol Masella, & Sophia Ortiz

What is microbiota? Microbes that co-exist in our body Provide health benefits Part of normal flora 300-500 different types Anaerobes found on genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and respiratory Highest number found in GI

Benefits of Microbiota Health Breakdown carbohydrates, Chrohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, C-Diff Immune System The Gastrointestinal tract is so large and has direct contact with pathogens Protection Physical Barrier

Where do they come from? Mother Babies develop in sterile environment while in utero Exposed to first microbes during delivery Babies delivered via C-section have less microbes

Changes and Consequences Clean Water: Reduced fecal transmission. Increase in Caesarean Sections: Reduced vaginal transmission Reduced Breastfeeding: Reduced cutaneous transmission and changed immunological environment Smaller family size: Reduced early life transmission Antibiotic use, increased bathing and showering and use of antibacterial soaps, and mercury-amalgam dental fillings: Selection for changing composition of microbes.

Microbe growth Microbe growth increases from birth can be from breast milk or formula Increase occurs again when solid foods are introduced At age 1 number of microbes present equals that of a young adult.

What effect our microbes? Use of Antibiotics and Immunity Age The types of microbes and number present change Nutritional Status

Immunity and Microbiota Microbiota shapes Auto Immunity Pathogenic and Microbiota diversity are determining factors Dependent on interactions Immunity and microbiota

Immunity and Microbiota Intestinal Microbiota Main function is to control exposure From bacteria to host tissue Aids in lessening disease outcomes Opportunistic residential bacteria overrides Health consequences Inflammation and sepsis

Antibiotic Use Affect target pathogen and host bacteria Effects dependent on antibiotic used Decrease colonization in host gut More vulnerable Disease and anti-resistant strains Anti-resistant bacteria resistant gene passed on Pathogenic bacteria

Effects of Obesity on Microbes Gastrointestinal microbiota is involved with energy homeostasis Obese microbiome increases polysaccharide degrading enzymes Breaks down sugars leading to increased fat deposition Lean vs. Obese microbiota Obesity microbiota increases LPL activity

Fecal Transplant What is it? Why is it used? The engraftment of microbiota from a healthy donor into a recipient, which results in restoration of the normal gut microbial community structure. Why is it used? Preformed for C-Diff, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, and other health conditions Success rate is about 90%

Supplements Probiotics Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria Prebiotics Live microbes that have health benefits such as recovering from diarrhea and IBS Prebiotics Oligofructose and Galacto-oligosaccharides Foods that when ingested stimulate the growth of Microbes (probiotics)

C-Diff Video

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