UNIT 5 – CELL STRUCTURE

Intro videos and animations   Inner workings of a cell  assignment-discovery-elements-of-cells-video.htm assignment-discovery-elements-of-cells-video.htm 

Warm-Up #13 sept. 14  Cell The smallest unit of life. Some living organisms are made of only one cell (unicellular) and some are made of many cells (multicellular). Cells can have very different shapes/functions, but there are 4 things they have in common: DNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and ribsomes.

Important Scientists  Robert Hooke – First to observe cells – looked at cork and gave individual units the name “cells”

Important Scientists  Anton von Leeuwenhoek – First to observe living cells – looked at scrapings from his cheek

Cell Theory  1. All organisms are made of cells  2. Cells are the structural and functional units of organisms.  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Types of cells:  Prokaryotic: Small simple cells that are bacteria; do NOT have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles;  Contain a single chromosome and rings of DNA known as plasmids

Eukaryotic:  Eukaryotic: Larger more complex cells that form plants, animals, fungi and protists;  Have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Structures in All Cells  Cell membrane – forms the barrier to separate inside the cell from the outside environment

Structures in All Cells  Cytoplasm – the filling of the cell, mostly water

Structures in All Cells  DNA – molecule with directions to control the cell

Structures in All Cells  Ribosome – organelle that builds proteins

Get out Journals for Lab

Ticket out the Door  Sketch this cell.  Label it as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.  Label the four parts that all cells have.

Ribosome  One of the organelles that ALL cells have. This is where proteins are made. Some important functions of proteins are to be _________, ____________ or ______________.

Warm-up Feb. 27# Prokaryotic Cell -Simple -Prokaryotic" means "before a nucleus”. -These cells DO NOT have a NUCLEUS. BACTERIA cells are the ONLY example. Eukaryotic Cell -Complex -Eukaryotic" means "possessing a true nucleus”. -These cells DO have a nucleus. Examples: all living organisms have these cells EXCEPT bacteria.

Cell Organelles- do the work of the cells  Nucleus (Found only in eukaryotic) – region containing and protecting the DNA

Cell Membrane  (Found in ALL cells) – made of two layers of phospholipids – controls what exits/enters; SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE

Ribosomes  (Found in ALL cells) – provides a place for amino acids to be joined into a protein

Lysosome  (found in eukaryotic cells) – contains digestive enzymes to digest waste and cell structures

A Job for Lysosomes 15 weeks 6 weeks

 ER (endoplasmic reticulum): change proteins, detoxify alcohol and communication  Golgi Body/Complex: packaging center

Vacuole  Membrane used to store food, water or waste

Mitochondria  has folded inner membrane for more surface to create energy during respiration

Organelles interact with each other to carry out cell functions:  Examples:  DNA codes for proteins which are made at the ribosome, these proteins can then be used as enzymes in the mitochondria

How are plant and animal cells different? PLANT Cell Structures Cell wall (plants): rigid structure made of cellulose to support plant cells Chloroplast (plants): has stacks of membranes for more surface area to create food during photosynthesis

Structure found ONLY in animal cell Centriole: helps with cell division; found only in animals

Plant vs. Animal Cells

ONLY in plant/plant- like cells ONLY in animal/ animal-like cells Cell wall Chloroplast Centriole But what else do plant cells contain? But what else do animal cells contain? Plant vs. Animal Cell Clip

Ticket Out the Door  Word bank: prokaryotic, eukaryotic, nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, DNA, Ribosome  1. Bacteria are examples of ________ cells because they do NOT have a nucleus.  2. Our cells are __________ becaue we have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.  3. EVERY cell has four things in common: a cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and ______.  4. The energy maker of the cell is the _________.

Ticket out the door  Sketch the following organelles.  Label its name and function.  Identify what type of cell this would be in. (ALL cells, only prokaryotic, only eukaryotic, only plant or only animal)

Warm-upFeb.29 th Leap Year!  Mitochondria  Energy maker  Powerhouse of the cell  Respiration occurs here  Folded membranes increase surface area so LOTS of ATP can be made  Chloroplast  Sugar Maker  Photosynthesis occurs here  Thylakoid membranes are stacked in grana to increase surface area which means LOTS of SUGARS can be made

Warm-up 3/1  Ribosome  One of the organelles that ALL cells have. This is where proteins are made. Some important functions of proteins are to be _________, ____________ or ______________.

Cell Communication  Short distance: Cells that touch or have a very small distance can use chemical or electrical signals

Long distance:  communication across long distances require long-lasting chemicals like hormones

If all living organisms are made of cells, then what makes them so different?  cells are SPECIALIZED, this means their structure fits their function. Cells throughout the organism perform different jobs.  The cells of multicellular organisms have the SAME DNA, but some of their genes are turned on, and some turned off. This allows cells to be specialized.

EXAMPLES:  Red blood cells are specialized with the protein hemoglobin to transport oxygen.  Nerve cells are long and thin and have extensions to send messages  Muscle cells have LOTS of mitochondria because they need a TON of energy.  Sperm cells have a flagella to swim toward the egg  Some plants have XYLEM cells, they are long thin tubes to carry water.

STEM cells:  Cells that have not yet become specialized or differentiated. Under the right environment they can become any type of cell.  Embryos contain stem cells.  Stem cells found in adult organisms, like in bone marrow, are called adult stem cells

 Cells have 3 main jobs  make energy need food + O 2 cellular respiration & photosynthesis need to remove wastes  make proteins need instructions from DNA need to chain together amino acids & “finish” & “ship” the protein  make more cells need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells Cell Summary Our organelles do all those jobs!

Organelles  Organelles do the work of cells  each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive Model Animal Cell They’re like mini-organs!

cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals cytoplasm  jelly-like material holding organelles in place mitochondria  make ATP energy from sugar + O 2 nucleus  protects DNA  controls cell ribosomes  builds proteins ER  helps finish proteins  makes membranes Golgi apparatus  finishes, packages & ships proteins lysosome  food digestion  garbage disposal & recycling vacuole & vesicles  transport inside cells  storage centrioles  cell division

central vacuole  storage: food, water or waste mitochondria  make ATP in cellular respiration chloroplast  make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis cell wall  support cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals Golgi apparatus  finish & ship proteins nucleus  control cell  protects DNA endoplasmic reticulum  processes proteins  makes membranes lysosome  digestion & clean up ribosomes  make proteins cytoplasm  jelly-like material around organelles nucleolus  make ribosomes

DNA RNA ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum vesicle Golgi apparatus vesicle protein on its way! protein finished protein Making Proteins TO: nucleus

Cell specialization Brain pop video  hill.com/sites/dl/free/ /164155/ html hill.com/sites/dl/free/ /164155/ html

Cell Organelle Analysis EXPLAIN HOW the following organelles work together to perform the life functions of the cell. Must use complete sentences  1. Nucleus and Ribosomes  2. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies  3. Endoplasmic reticulum and Ribosomes  4. Golgi bodies and lysosomes  5. Nucleus and Endoplasmic reticulum  6. Endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane  7. Chloroplast and vacuole  8. Cell membrane and Mitochondria

Ticket Out the Door  Match the cell organelle with the correct function  1. Mitochondria  2. Chloroplast  3. Cell Membrane  4. Ribosomes  5. Endoplasmic Reticulum  6. Golgi Body  7. Lysosomes  8. Vacuole  A. digestion  B. protein synthesis  C. regulates what enters and leaves the cell  D. packages  E. Storage  F. Energy (Respiration)  G. Photosynthesis  H. Synthesize lipids and proteins, transport, and communicate

Review!! Yes, you need to write all of the organelles names and function  Match the cell organelle with the correct function  1. Mitochondria  2. Chloroplast  3. Cell Membrane  4. Ribosomes  5. Endoplasmic Reticulum  6. Golgi Body  7. Lysosomes  8. Vacuole  A. digestion  B. protein synthesis  C. regulates what enters and leaves the cell  D. packages  E. Storage  F. Energy (Respiration)  G. Photosynthesis  H. Synthesize lipids and proteins, transport, and communicate

Big Unit Review  Choose two vocabulary words that were not part of your assigned vocab and draw a picture for them.  Choose three words and write a sentence with them.  Create two questions of your own and answer ONE of them.  Create a news headline and paragraph about a major topic from this unit.