sex-linked trait traits carried by genes located on the X or Y sex chromosomes genetically normal females:XX genetically normal males:XY Glossary

sex-linked trait most X-linked characteristics are recessive in females which means that unless they are present on both X chromosomes of a female, the trait is carried but not expressed Glossary

males, with only one X chromosome, more commonly exhibit such traits phenotypically e.g. hemophilia e.g.red-green color blindness sex-linked trait Glossary

Diana

Sex-linked Punnet Square XX x XY X Y X X

X Y XXX X

X Y XXX XXX

X Y XX X XXX

Sex-linked Punnet Square XX x XY X Y XX X X X

Sex-linked Punnet Square XX x XY X Y XX X Y XX X

Sex-linked Punnet Square XX x XY X Y XX X Y XX X Y

Sex-linked Punnet Square: Hemophilia carrier X H X h x X H Y X Y X X

X H Y XHXH XhXh

Sex-linked Punnet Square: Hemophilia carrier X H X h x X H Y X H Y XHXH X H Y XhXh

Sex-linked Punnet Square: Hemophilia carrier X H X h x X H Y X H Y XHXH X H Y XhXh X H X h X h Y

Sex-linked Punnet Square: Hemophilia carrier X H X h x X H Y X H Y XHXH X H Y XhXh X H X h X h Y Hemophilia!

Human Genetics and Meiosis The study of inheritance patterns in humans Oculocutaneous albinism different-color-eyes/#slide=1

What each of the human chromosomes look like

Karyotype: A photomicrograph of chromosomes arranged according to a standard classification

In other words… Chromosomes are digitally arranged so that they are matched with their homologue or “partner” chromosome. Homologue chromosomes are the same size, shape, and carry the same genes, and one is inherited from each parent. They are numbered according to size.

Sex determination with karyotype This karyotype has 23 exact pairs, which means the person is female. Note that #23 chromosomes are both X.

Normal human male Note that #23 chromosomes are X and Y.

Is this person female or male?

Trisomy 21 Abnormality shown in karyotype Note that there are three copies of #21 chromosome. This person has Down Syndrome.

Photos of Down Syndrome patients from the National Down Syndrome Society

Correlation between mother’s age and Trisomy 21 incidence

Monosomy X Abnormality shown in karyotype Note this person only has 1 copy of the X chromosome. This female has Turner’s syndrome.

XXY Male (Extra X)

How are DNA samples obtained for karyotypes?

Amniocentesis: obtaining amniotic fluid which has cells from the fetus

Chorionic villi sampling: removing cells from the chorion with fetal tissue

If there are chromosomal number abnormalities, how do they form? Meiosis: the process of creating sperm or egg from a diploid cell If there is a mistake when chromosomes are separating, then the resulting sperm or egg will have too many or too few chromosomes.

How can siblings look alike but not exactly the same if they come from the same parents?

Crossing over The chromosomes during prophase I undergo crossing over, where parts of the homologues randomly switch places.

Importance of crossing over The gene combinations that a person gets from his or her parents will be different, to varying degrees, than the combination a sibling may get.

More sibling similarities

What other chromosomal disorders can arise? Deletion Inversion Translocation* Duplication *Don’t worry about this one.

Chromosomal mutations Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation

Problems with chromosomes Duplication: copied parts of chromosome ABCDABCD ABBBCDABBBCD

Problems with chromosomes Deletion: missing parts of chromosome ABCDABCD ADAD

Problems with chromosomes Inversion: parts of chromosome tched ABCDABCD ACBDACBD

Human genetic disorders from deleterious genes Sometimes the alleles inherited contribute to disorders and not from the number or shape of the chromosomes. 1.Sex-linked: genes found on X or Y chromosome 2.Recessive: requires 2 allele copies to express disorder 3.Dominant: requires only 1 allele copy to express disorder

Recessive disorders

Dominant disorder

Are you red-green color blind? Yes, if you have a difficult time distinguishing a number from this picture

Pedigrees: a chart which can show trait inheritance through several generations Albinism

Symbols MaleFemale marriage

More symbols She gave birth!

Even more symbols 4 offspring

Still more symbols Affected. AA or aa Normal heterozygous

Albinism – recessive disorder aaAa aaAa

Deafness – dominant disorder Aa or AA? Aa aa Mother must be AA.

Colored blindness – Sex linked XCXcXCXc XcYXcYXCXcXCXc XCYXCYXcXcXcXc XcYXcY