Durham Cathedral Cloister The order and the Sanctuary Romanesque

Fig 153a Aachen Cathedral, Romanesque

Western Europe in the 11 th – 12 th centuries developed a style which critics of the 19 th century would call ROMANesque Fig 153b Aachen Cathedral Interior,

Romanesque takes its roots from the Ancient Roman style of construction incorporating heavily the Roman Vault in its design Fig 153b Aachen Cathedral Interior,

Romanesque’s fortress- like appearance can be attributed to the 700 years of turmoil that occurred in Europe Fig 153c Aachen Cathedral Interior,

“... the course of the several centuries that preceeded the millenium, those barbarian hordes we saw in the Dark Ages devastating cities and destroying culture had undergone a transformation… – Medieval Christendom” Nuttgens Fig 153c Aachen Cathedral Interior,

Charlemagne (or Charles the Great) He conquered vast territories and brought a semblance of administrative and cultural order to Europe. Charles the Great

He set about to revive the Roman Empire and on Christmas Day, 800 AD, he was crowned Emperor of the West in Rome THE CORONATION OF CHARLEMAGNE (Carolinian Monarch)

Carolingian Restoration Charlemagne saw his return to the days of the Roman Empire as embracing the triumph of the Church. He saw religion not only as a means of personal salvation but as an instrument to transform society. Charles the Great

Module #5b: Mediterranean in Early Middle Ages 11 Charlemagne Palace and Chapel, Aachen, Germany

Charlemagnes’s Cathedral at Aachen: best example of Carolingian Architecture

Charlemagne Palace Chapel Aachen Cathedral cut-through Section & Interior, sided outer polygon Inner octagon supporting a dome

Aachen Cathedral resembles, in plan, St. Vitale in Ravenna but the interior emphasis on sturdy piers and complex spaces make it a new creation. Aachen Cathedral St. Vitale in Ravenna

Romanesque Architecture has a unique feature that cannot be seen in the original Ancient Roman Architecture nor in its revival during the renaissance… San Miniato al Monte, Florence

Distinctive character of the Romanseque Style as seen in the Corinthian column in San Miniato al Monte, Florence and in the Cathedral at Pisa San Miniato al Monte, Florence

Cathedral at Pisa

Baptistry, Cathedral & Leaning Tower at Pisa

Cathedral & Leaning Tower at Pisa

Cathedral’s Interior at Pisa

Durham Cathedral Romanesque architecture know as Norman Style 12th century

Durham Cathedral is the greatest Norman building in England

Durham Cathedral

Durham Cathedral, Interior Distinctive influential Romanesque form established by the Normans

Durham Cathedral Sketches / Sections

Durham Cathedral

Whiteshire, England

Anglo-Saxon Church of St. Lawrence, Bradford-on-Avon, Whiteshire 10 th -11 th Distinguished building built with a high standard of quality and skill It exhibits a well-cut ashlar stonework (could have been reused Roman masonry) which is not equaled until the eleventh century churches

Church of St. Lawrence, Plan It has a small nave, eastern chancel, north porticus and traces of a south porticus

Church of St. Lawrence, Elevation Anglo-Saxon Church of St. Lawrence, Blind Arcading Bradford-on-Avon, Whiteshire 10 th -11 th

St. James, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, Passion for Pilgrimage

Wider Naves and Broader Transepts These accommodated large pilgrimages gather for the daily rituals and processions St. James, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, Plan

Krak des Chevaliers, Syria, c The Crusaders and the Holy Land Krak des Chevaliers, Syria, c “The Bone in the Saracen’s Throat”

Krak des Chevaliers, Syria c

Krak des Chevaliers, Syria, c Crusader fortress in Syria Krak from Syriac’s Karac meaning fortress

Krak des Chevaliers, Syria, c

The Abbey was a key structure in the spread of devotion Often located just outside the city gates It provided work, medical care, education, a place to stay for pilgrims and even sanctuary for criminals Demonstrated the supremacy of the church Abbey of St. Gall, Switzerland Plan

Plan of Abbey church is usually cruciform in shape The Altar located at the east to capture the rays of the morning sun The main door is at the west Abbey of St. Gall, Switzerland Plan

Earliest known drawing (Plan)of a great abbey: Abbey of St. Gall, Switzerland in the year 820 Workshops often happen in an Abbey where craftsmen experimented on building techniques and got their inspirations that blossomed into the Romanesque Style

Module #5b: Mediterranean in Early Middle Ages 42 Monasteries Plans developed to keep resident monks and transient worshippers apart. abbey: Plan of abbey of St. Germain-des- Prés, Paris, 13th cent. A, church; B, cloister; C, city gate; E, chapter house; F, chapel; G, refectory; H, cellars and presses; I, abbot’s lodging; K, ditches; L, gardens

Evolution of the Church form Churches were rectangular halls with or without and apse, and with or without transepts. basilica: Typical plan. A, apse; B, B’, secondary apse; C, high altar; D, bishop’s throne; G, transept; H, nave; J, J’, aisles

The altar was at times built over a crypt In a pilgrim church, this will have a chevet (crypt)and ambulatory with chapels behind the altar Worms Cathedral, Germany c1016

The pile-up roof with its semi-conical caps emphasizes the location of the altar as seen from the exterior The Worms Cathedral in Germany showing the twin towers of the western apse Worms Cathedral, Germany c1016

Worms Cathedral, Germany c1016

Worms Cathedral, Germany c1016

Gislebertus, Sculture of the Three Magi Sleeping, Autun Cathedral, France c

Christ in judgment West front façade richly sculpted from a Christ-figure on the tympanum typical of Romanesque Architecture Autun Cathedral, France c

Autun Cathedral, France c Nave

Notre-Dame, la Grande Massive sunken portals Poitiers, France,

Notre-Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France,

Plan

Three tiered sculpture works of saints, prophets, creatures and foliage. With the bottom tier showing the life of Jesus

Barrel-vaulted nave with no clerestory

Notre- Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France, Barrel vault

Notre-Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France, Detail

Notre-Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France, Detail

Notre-Dame, la Grande, Poitiers, France, Detail

San Miniato al Monte Florence Brick with Marble facing, typical material used in Italian churches in the Romanesque style

Floor Plan: San Miniato al Monte, Florence

Massive and long stretches of stone-works - characterizes Romanesque Architecture Ashlar for churches and roughstone on castles

The semicircular shape, round-headed arch and its extension, barrel vault borrowed from Ancient Roman Architecture are classic features of the Romanesque Church St. Sernin Toulouse, France Pilgrim church enroute to Santiago de Compostela Tunnel-vaulted Nave

These rounded shapes are not only seen in three dimensional structures but can also be seen in the floor plans and decorations used during the period St. Sernin Toulouse, France

Worms Cathedral, Nave Germany c1016 The barrel vault is the structural basis of the Romanesque Architecture

Barrel vaults are heavy thus requiring massive walls and buttressing

Durham Cathedral, Interior Ribbed Vaults emphasizing the groins Naves or aisles are divided into square compartments by diaphragm arches

The workmanship of the masons on the roughstones on castles identifies the workshops where they were trained Skills in stonework are of great importance during this period Rochester Castle, Kent c.1130

Plain or carved masonry, few window openings are features that makes the Romanesque style fortress-like Rochester Castle, Kent c.1130

Tower Houses, San Gimignano, Italy Towers built by feuding families in Italian city states.

Tower Houses, San Gimignano, Italy Solid at the base with single apartments on the upper floors

Tower Houses, San Gimignano, Italy

Warning bell at the top

Coffee Break