East Asia in the 20 th c

Opposite Paths

Central Theme the connection between economic conditions and government interventions. the connection between economic conditions and government interventions.

Post-Dynastic China How would you characterize China during this time?

China, (post-dynastic system / pre-WWII) “Phantom Republic” Republic – Nationalist control

China : the “Phantom Republic” Early, factions vie for power : Republican revolutionaries Republican revolutionaries Landlords Landlords Foreign powers Foreign powers

China : the “Phantom Republic” Republican revolutionaries Republican revolutionaries Led by Sun Yat-sen Led by Sun Yat-sen Western educated Western educated “Fundamentals of National Reconstruction” “Fundamentals of National Reconstruction”

China : the “Phantom Republic” Communism Communism Why now? Beliefs? Supporters?Why now? Beliefs? Supporters? Led by Mao ZedongLed by Mao Zedong Aimed at peasantAimed at peasant reform reform

China : Republic Nationalists establish control Nationalists establish control Party militarizes Party militarizes Led by Chiang Kai-Shek Led by Chiang Kai-Shek

1934 KMT’s brutal crack down on communists leads to Long March KMT’s brutal crack down on communists leads to Long March KMT = control coastal areas KMT = control coastal areas Communists = influential in hinterlands Communists = influential in hinterlands

Imperial Japan

1910 Japan’s emerging Asian empire Japan’s emerging Asian empire : Sino- Japanese War : Sino- Japanese War : Russo-Japanese War : Russo-Japanese War Result = Korea & Taiwan w/ eyes on Manchuria Result = Korea & Taiwan w/ eyes on Manchuria

Japan expands during 20 th century for lots of reasons And this …is an implicit challenge to West …leads Japan on the road to war Japan : Imperial Japan

Reasons to Expand: 1. Need Island nation, limited resources, limited farmland, overpopulationIsland nation, limited resources, limited farmland, overpopulation 2. Anti-Western Sentiment Racial equality?Racial equality? Limiting of navy?Limiting of navy? End of emigration to U.S.?End of emigration to U.S.?Japan : Imperial Japan

U.S. Immigration Law of 1924 Barred Chinese & Japanese immigration Barred Chinese & Japanese immigration Reduced Italian immigration Reduced Italian immigration

Washington Naval Conference [ ] U. S. Britain Japan France Italy

1930 speech of military leader: “We are like a great crowd of people packed into a small narrow room, and there are only three doors through which we might escape, namely emigration, advance into world markets, and expansion of territory. The first door…has been barred to us by the anti-Japanese immigration policies of other countries. The second door…is being pushed shut by tariff barriers…Japan should rush upon the last door [expansion of territory].” Japan : Imperial Japan

1930’s American observation: “In every classroom is a world-map or map of Asia which shows Japan in red as a very small land indeed, compared to the mainland nations of Asia…In a perfectly bland manner some villager, on looking at such a map, will suggest how nice it would be to [acquire] a bit more of China.” Japan : Imperial Japan

1920s & 1930s, mark further industrial advance of Japan Great Depression = sparks further militarization of Japanese governmentGreat Depression = sparks further militarization of Japanese government Germany? Spain? Germany? Spain? Example:Example: 1931 – Manchurian Incident 1931 – Manchurian IncidentJapan : Imperial Japan

Japan

Histories Intertwined China & Japan

1937 – Japan launches invasion of coastal China Imperial spirit led to control of islands & much of SE Asia as well Imperial spirit led to control of islands & much of SE Asia as well Cultural & economic imperialismCultural & economic imperialism Branded as: Branded as: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere or an “An Asia for Asians” 20th Cent. Japan

Strategy Strategy Embargo → Pearl HarborEmbargo → Pearl Harbor Defensive perimeter → island hoppingDefensive perimeter → island hopping Fight to the death, suicide missions → more direct strikesFight to the death, suicide missions → more direct strikes WWII – Histories Intertwined

A terrified baby after Shanghai is attacked by Japan WWII – Histories Intertwined

August 6 th & 9 th, 1945 Hiroshima = 140,000 deaths by the end of 1945 (200,000 total) Hiroshima = 140,000 deaths by the end of 1945 (200,000 total) Buildings leveled for a 1.5 miles radiusBuildings leveled for a 1.5 miles radius Nagasaki = 70,000 deaths by the end of 1945 (140,000 total) Nagasaki = 70,000 deaths by the end of 1945 (140,000 total) Explosion had temp exceeding 7,000 o C (Sun’s surface temp. = 6,000 o C). Explosion had temp exceeding 7,000 o C (Sun’s surface temp. = 6,000 o C). WWII – Histories Intertwined