BODY SYSTEMS SKELETAL SYSTEM

What would happen if we didn’t have a skeleton?

What is your skeletal system? The skeleton is the framework to hold you up and protect organs There are more than 200 bones -206 as an adult

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Stores minerals Protections internal organs Supports the body (frame) Produces blood cells Helps produce movement

Vocabulary 1 Skeleton: The framework of connected bones in your body Bone: An organ of the skeletal system that stores minerals Bone marrow: soft tissue inside a bone that makes blood cells and stores fat

Bone marrow

What is your skeletal system continued… c. Almost every bone is connected to another bone by a joint which allows the body to move in controlled ways d. Bones are held together at joints by tissue called ligaments e. The skeletal system works with the muscular system to produce movement. Tissue called tendons attach muscle to bones.

JOINT LIGAMENT TENDON

What is your skeletal system continued… f. Before birth most of the bones in a baby’s body are made up of cartilage. Cartilage is a soft, flexible tissue. As you get older the soft tissue hardens and becomes bone tissue as minerals, such as calcium. e. Some cartilage remains. Joints, nose, and ears use cartilage for flexible support and shape

Problems of the Skeletal System Osteoporosis: disease in which the bones become weaker. This disease increases a person’s risk of breaking bones. Problems of the Skeletal System

Problems of the Skeletal System continued…. Arthritis: irritation of the joints. This problem can occur in young or old people. People who have arthritis often feel pain when moving their joints. Problems of the Skeletal System continued….

Vocabulary 2 Joint : place where two or more bones meet Ligament : connects bone together at joints Tendon: attaches muscles to bone Cartilage: the tissue between the bones; soft, flexible tissue Osteoporosis: disease in which the bones become weaker Arthritis: painful joints

BODY SYSTEMS MUSCULAR SYSTEM

DO NOW: WHEN WAS A TIME YOU FELT SORE AFTER EXERCISE OR ACTIVITY? WHAT WERE YOU DOING DIFFERENTLY THAT MAY HAVE MADE YOU FEEL THIS WAY? IF YOU CONTINUE TO DO THIS EXERCISE OR ACTIVITY WHAT DO YOU THINK WILL EVENTUALLY HAPPEN TO YOUR MUSCLES?

FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM MUSCLES HELP THE BODY MOVE PROVIDE STABILITY AND SUPPORT *MUSCLES CAUSE MOVEMENT AND SUPPORT BY CONTRACTING. WHEN A MUSCLE CONTRACTS ITS LENGTH SHORTENS.

Muscle contracting

3 types of muscle tissue Skeletal muscle: muscle that is attached to the bone a. when skeletal muscle contracts, they pull on bones, causing movement. 2. Smooth muscle: muscle that forms some internal organs b. the stomach is an organ made of smooth muscle. When a smooth muscle contracts, it pushes material through the organ. 3. Cardiac muscle : muscle that forms the heart. c. when the heart muscles contracts, it pumps blood through the body.

SMOOTH MUSCLE SKELETAL MUSCLES ( ATTACHED TO BONES) CARDIAC MUSCLE

MUSCLES AND MOVEMENT WHEN SKELETAL MUSCLES CONTRACT, (SHORTEN) THEY PULL ON BONES. TO RETURN TO THE ORIGINAL POSITION, A DIFFERENT MUSCLE MUST PULL THE BONE IN THE OTHER DIRECTION. MOST BODY MOVEMENTS REQUIRE EFFORT FROM TWO DIFFERENT MUSCLES OR MUSCLE GROUPS. (I.E. BICEP AND TRICEPS)

QUADRICEPS & HAMSTRINGS TRICEPS & BICEPS QUADRICEPS & HAMSTRINGS

How would you fit this block of ice into this small tube? DO NOW: How would you fit this block of ice into this small tube?

BODY SYSTEMS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

What is digestion? Digestion: the process of breaking down food into a form your body can use. Digestion frees the nutrients from food so that they can be used by the body

What are nutrients? Nutrients: substances in food that the body needs to work properly. (fats, water, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, proteins) After foods are digested, the blood absorbs the nutrients. The blood delivers the nutrients to cells throughout your body. Cells use nutrients to grow, repair themselves and get energy.

THE DIGESTION PROCESS

ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: A CLOSER LOOK

THE MOUTH WHERE DIGESTION BEGINS TEETH CHOP AND GRIND FOOD INTO SMALLER PARTS CHOPPED FOOD IS MIXED WITH SALIVA (SPIT) TO HELP BREAK DOWN FOOD FOOD IS THEN SWALLOWED THE MOUTH

ESOPHAGUS AFTER SWALLOWING FOOD PASSES THROUGH THE ESOPHAGUS FOOD IS MOVED BY A INVOLUNTARY WAVELIKE MUSCULAR CONTRACTION CALLED PERISTALSIS FOOD THEN ENTERS THE STOMACH ESOPHAGUS

STOMACH HOLLOW, MUSCULAR ORGAN THAT BREAKS DOWN FOOD GLANDS IN THE STOMACH MAKE ACID, AND OTHER DIGESTIVE JUICES THE WALLS SQUEEZE FOOD AND MIX IT WITH JUICES TO FORM A THICK LIQUID (CHYME) FOOD THEN ENTERS THE SMALL INTESTINE STOMACH

SMALL INTESTINE FOOD ENTERS THE SMALL INTESTINE AFTER STOMACH MOST NUTRIENTS ARE ABSORBED HERE DIGESTION IS COMPLETED HERE SMALL INTESTINE

PANCREAS, LIVER AND GALLBLADDER

THE PANCREAS MAKES PANCREATIC JUICES THAT BREAK DOWN STARCHES, PROTEINS, AND FATS IN THE FOOD CELLS IN THE PANCREAS MAKE A HORMONE CALLED INSULIN, WHICH HELPS YOUR BODY USE SUGAR THE LIVER IS ANOTHER DIGESTIVE ORGAN THAT MAKES FLUID CALLED BILE (LIQUID THAT AIDS DIGESTION) WHICH FLOWS INTO THE GALLBLADDER THE GALLBLADDER STORES BILE

NOT ALL FOOD CAN BE DIGESTED IN THE BODY AND THESE PARTS PASS TO THE LARGE INTESTINE WIDER AND SHORTER THAN SMALL INTESTINE ABSORBS MOST OF REMAINING WATER AND SALT FROM FOOD AND FORMS SOLID WASTE REMOVED DURING A BOWEL MOVEMENT (POOP) LARGE INTESTINE

DO NOW: Put the following words in order according to how food passes through the body. Then write a short description describing what occurs there during the digestion process. WORDS: ESOPHAGUS SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE STOMACH MOUTH

EXCRETORY SYSTEM FUNCTION: REMOVES WASTE FROM THE BODY BODY SYSTEMS EXCRETORY SYSTEM FUNCTION: REMOVES WASTE FROM THE BODY

Excretory System (Urinary System)

KIDNEYS, BLADDER AND TUBES: ALL HOLD LIQUID WASTE KIDNEYS: TWO ORGANS SHAPED LIKE BEANS, POSITIONED IN YOUR LOWER BACK. REMOVES MOST OF THE CELL WASTE AND EXTRA WATER FROM THE BLOOD WATER + WASTE = URINE (PEE)

a narrow tube called the ureter comes out of each kidney and connect to the urinary bladder (bag-like) bladder fills with urine and then is released through a tube called the urethra

How does your skin help get rid of waste? a. Sweat glands remove water, salt, and other waste from the blood in the form of perspiration, or sweat b. Sweat leaves your body through small openings in the skin called pores, water in the sweat evaporates, other wastes stay on skin until you wash them away c. The excretory system helps keep wastes from remaining in your body, which keeps your cells healthy

Body Systems Part II

DO NOW: WHEN YOU ARE SITTING IN CLASS, HOW IS YOUR HEART RATE DO NOW: WHEN YOU ARE SITTING IN CLASS, HOW IS YOUR HEART RATE? SLOW OR FAST? WHY DO YOU THINK THIS IS? AFTER YOU RUN THE MILE IN GYM CLASS, HOW IS YOUR HEART RATE? SLOW OR FAST? WHY DO YOU THINK THIS IS? CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

___________________________________________________________ DO NOW ANSWER

The circulatory system is made up of three things: Blood Blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries) heart The functions of the circulatory system include: transports materials (oxygen, nutrients, and waste) through the body Helps prevent disease

What makes up the Circulatory system? Blood- red liquid that circulates continuously throughout your body. Blood is made up of the four following components: a. platelets- stop blood loss by clumping and forming plugs in blood vessel holes. ( This process is called clotting.) b. plasma- liquid portion of blood c. red blood cells- blood cells that carry oxygen, contains hemoglobin which gives off the red color d. White blood cells- help fight infections (Warriors) What makes up the Circulatory system?

WHITE BLOOD CELL RED BLOOD CELL

What makes up the circulatory system? 2. Heart- hollow, muscular organ about the size of your fist. Your heart pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. e. made up of four chambers (left and right atriums, left and right ventricles) What makes up the circulatory system?

What part of the blood prevents blood loss? ( Think clotting, scabs) What part of the blood fights infections? (think warriors) What materials does the blood transport? How many chambers does the heart have? Do Now: Review

What are ventricles pumping out? What are the atria receiving? f. The upper chambers of the heart are called the right and left atria. Their job is to RECEIVE blood entering the heart. g. Bottom two chambers of the heart are called the right and left ventricles. Their job is to pump blood OUT of the heart What are ventricles pumping out? What are the atria receiving?

Blood Pathway Through the Heart Step 1: The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, where blood exchanges carbon dioxide (waste) for oxygen. Step 2: The blood picks of oxygen from lungs and flows back to the heart into the left atrium. Step 3: The left atrium pumps the blood to the left ventricle. Step 4: The left ventricle pumps the blood to all parts of the body delivering oxygen. Blood Pathway Through the Heart

Blood Pathway Through the Heart Step 5: The body absorbs oxygen from the blood and releases carbon dioxide (waste) into the blood. Step 6: This blood then flows to the right atrium. (receives) Step 7: The right atrium pumps the blood back to the right ventricle to repeat the cycle. Blood Pathway Through the Heart

What makes up the circulatory system 3. Blood vessels: hollow tubes of tissue h. artery : blood vessels that carries blood away from the heart i. vein: blood vessels that carries blood to the heart j.capillaries: tiny blood vessels that carries blood from arteries to veins. What makes up the circulatory system

Respiratory System

Do Now: Bernard took a drink of water that made him cough Do Now: Bernard took a drink of water that made him cough. What went wrong when he tried to swallow the water? Bernard’s water went down the wrong pipe. If water enters the pipe that carries air to the lungs, a person coughs to force the water out. This pipe is used only to carry air to and from the lungs as part of the respiratory system.

Read pages 178-179, ‘The Respiratory System’ in the green health book with a partner. On a separate sheet of paper, both partners answer the following questions: a. According to the text, the purpose of the respiratory system is to move what into and out of the body? b. Explain the pathway air takes through the respiratory system. c. According to the text, the lungs and blood exchange what two gasses in the alveoli? d. According to the text, what is the difference between inhalation and exhalation? e. The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. According to the text, When does inhalation occur? What happens when the diaphragm relaxes? PARTNER READ

The aveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) occurs. Smoking tobacco for a long time destroys alveoli. How would the destruction of alveoli affect a person? DO NOW:

The exchange of gases between the blood and the lungs occurs in the alveoli. If many alveoli were destroyed from smoking, it would reduce the body’s ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. This would make it hard for the blood and body cells to get enough oxygen. DO NOW:

Respiratory System Review With a partner answer the following review questions on a sheet of paper. You may use the green health book, pages 178-179. What is the main function of the respiratory system? What is the role (job) of the trachea when discussing the pathway of air? What are the two gases being exchanged in the alveoli? What is the diaphragm? What is the diaphragm’s role in the breathing process? Respiratory System Review

Path of Air Review: Exit Slip Put the following terms in order based on the path air takes to enter the body: Lungs, mouth & nose, trachea, pharynx(throat), larnyx (voicebox) Path of Air Review: Exit Slip

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Functions of the Nervous System: Controls all other body systems Senses change in our bodies and surrounding It reacts to stimuli. It helps us learn, speak, and remember things.

What makes up the Nervous System? 1. Brain: major organ in the nervous system Different parts of the brain control different body functions. Movement, memory, learning, speaking, and the five senses are controlled by the brain Attached to the spinal cord

What makes up the Nervous System continued.. 2. Spinal cord: organ that carries messages to and from the brain These messages travel through groups of nerves 3. Nerves: a bundle of cells that conducts messages from one part of the body to another Messages from the brain go through the spinal cord to nerves that reach other parts of the body.

Responding to Stimuli What’s a stimuli? Changes that cause a reaction Eyes, ears, tongue, nose and skin can sense stimuli outside the body and send messages to the brain and spinal cord through nerves Stimuli can occur inside the body Sometimes people react to stimuli after thinking about how to , the react (i.e. if a person wants to swat a fly, the brain sends a message telling the arm muscle to contract) Sometimes people responds to stimuli automatically called a reflex (i.e. heart rate increases automatically when a person exercise, dropping a hot pan) Responding to Stimuli

What are two functions of the nervous system? What is a reflex? Provide an example. EXIT TICKET