Bilingual Education in China: Minority Ethnic Groups Kaijun Lin SLS 380

Research Question? How does five autonomous regions bilingual education differ from other provinces? Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Tibet Autonomous Region Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

Reason know about other prvinces bilingual education minority ethnic groups students' bilingual school additive and subtractive contexts transitional bilingual education

Tibetans of Qinghai Province ‘Han Chinese look down on us’ ‘do not know or care about minorities, their language and culture’ ‘Han immigrants take the best job’ Hindered Teachers have left to search for better-paid jobs Live in Remote areas

Chinese Constitution ‘All of the nationalities of China are equal’ ‘Every ethnic minority is use and develop their language’ In Article 37, ‘In schools where the majority of students belong to an ethnic minority, the language of textbooks and instruction should be the language of that minority, if conditions permit. The Chinese language should be taught in the last two years of primary school and in middle school order to promote the national language.’ Article 49 states, ‘The administration of autonomous regions should encourage the study of ethnic languages. Chinese cadres should learn the local language of the ethnic group, and the cadres of ethnic minorities, while studying their own language, shall also learn to speak and write the standard national language.’

Bilingual patterns differs from place to place population distribution living environment cultural development

Bilingual Practice in Ethnic-Minority Areas The majority use the ethnic language only a minority are bilingual with a number of adults being bilingual ethnic language adults being bilingual minority are bilingual

Bilingual Practice in Ethnic-Minority Areas In most parts of the region people use their own ethnic language, but a small part of the population of the region is bilingual, also speaking Chinese or another ethnic language Ethnic people are bilingual, speaking their own language and Chinese or another ethnic language ethnic language Chinese + another ethnic language

Bilingual Practice in Ethnic-Minority Areas adopted the Chinese language ethnic groups Chinese

Bilingual Programs Ethnic Language High School Primary School

Bilingual Programs from the 2nd or 3rd grade of primary school to the end of middle school Law science Chinese Language literature Math

Bilingual Programs 1st and 2nd grade students use ethnic language textbooks only

Bilingual Programs Rural Areas Urban Areas Ethnic Language + Chinese

Bilingual Programs In the first year of primary school two periods of spoken Chinese Chinese ethnic language Chinese

Biligual Program In preschool 6 months or 1 year ethnic language Chinese primary school