Plant Classification copyright cmassengale

Life on Land – Adaptations! Problem Drying Out Making Food Reproduction Gravity & Support Getting water & nutrients Solution Waxy cuticle, stomata Formed leaves Develops spores & seeds Bark (cork) & vessels; cell walls (cellulose) Roots & vessels

Classification VASCULAR: have tube-like structures that carry water, nutrients, and other substances through the plant NONVASCULAR: do not have these tube-like structures and use other ways to move water and substances Binomial Nomenclature: two word system of naming things, e.g., Quercus alba = white oak

Seedless Nonvascular Plants Don’t grow from seeds; just a few cells thick and only 2 to 5 cm in height; no flowers or cones ~ reproduce by spores –Mosses -Liverworts -Hornworts

Nonvascular Plants and the Environment Pioneer species: first organisms to grow in new or disturbed areas –As pioneer plant species grow and die, decaying material builds up; this, along with the slow breakdown of rocks, builds soil ~ as a result, other organisms can move into the area!

Human use – Bedding – Packing material – Decorations – Medicines – Fuel – Popular houseplants Ecological importance – First species to colonize surfaces during primary succession – Maintain humidity levels in bogs and forests – Rhizoids prevent soil runoff after rains Non-Vascular Plants

Seedless Vascular Plants Reproduce by spores Have long, tube-like cells that carry water, minerals, and food to cells throughout the plant –Can grow bigger and thicker because of this –1,000 species of fern, ground pine, and spike mosses; 12,000 species of ferns! FERNGROUND PINESPIKE MOSSHORSETAIL

Vascular Tissue Xylem: hollow, tubular cells stacked one on top of the other to form a structure called a vessel; transport water and dissolved substances Phloem: tubular cells that are stacked to form structures called tubes; move food from where it is made to other parts of the plant where it is used or stored

Specialized transport tissues – Xylem – transports water – Phloem – transports organic material Roots, stems, leaves are possible Reproduce using spores Ferns, whisk ferns, club mosses, and horsetails Horsetail Seedless Vascular Plants Club Moss

Role in ecosystems – Grow in shady, moist areas – Provide thick ground cover beneath trees Used as shelter and food by other organisms Human use – Decorations – Favorite landscape plant – Young, curled leaves harvested for food – Horsetails used as scouring tool Seedless Vascular Plants

Seed Plants Have leaves, roots, stems, and vascular tissue; produce seeds Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Leaf made up of different layers of cells –Waxy cuticle –Epidermis (Stomata surrounded by guard cells) –Palisade layer – most food produced here –Spongy layer – veins containing vascular tissue found here –Lower Epidermis

Gymnosperms Oldest trees alive Produce seeds not protected by fruit; “naked seeds”; do not have flowers Leaves needle-like or scale-like Four divisions: –Coniferophyta: conifers-pines, firs, spruces, redwoods, junipers –Cycads –Gingkoes –Gnetophytes

Some Products from Gymnosperms Lumber, paper, soap, varnish, paints, waxes, perfumes, edible pine nuts, medicines

Angiosperms Vascular plant that flowers and has a fruit that contains one or more seeds 80% of plant species –Monocots – one cotyledon used for food storage, e.g., corn, rice, wheat, barley, lilies, orchids, grass –Dicots – two cotyledons; shade trees, fruit trees; petunias; geraniums; snapdragons

9.1.2 As plants mature, monocots and dicots show several differences in their external structures. Monocots vs. Dicots

9.1.2

Monocots vs Dicots

9.1.2 Monocotyledon – Banana Tree

Monocotyledons Lilies Irises 9.1.2

Dicotyledons most trees & shrubs 9.1.2

Life Cycles of Angiosperms Biennials: complete their life cycles within two years Annuals: complete their life cycles in one year Perennials: take more than two years to grow to maturity

Some Products from Angiosperms Foods, sugar, chocolate, cotton cloth, linen, rubber, vegetable oils, perfumes, medicines, cinnamon, flavorings (toothpaste, chewing gum, candy, etc.), dyes, lumber FLOWER PARTS SMARTBOARD REVIEW

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