By Chris Paine https://bioknowledgy.weebly.com/ 3.1 Genes Essential idea: Every living organism inherits a blueprint for life from its parents. Genes and.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
TOPIC 3 Genetics 15 hours
Advertisements

 4.1.1: State that eukaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins  4.1.2: Define gene, allele and genome  4.1.3: Define gene mutations  4.1.4:
| Chromosomes, genes, alleles and mutations Rania and Bryan.
GENETIC-CONCEPTS.
Every living organism inherits a blueprint for life from its parents.
© 2006 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 3/e
Sequence similarity.
Introduction to Biological Sequences. Background: What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid Blueprint that carries genetic information from one generation to.
3.1 Genes Understanding: -A gene is a heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA and influences a specific characteristic -A gene occupies a specific.
Genes (3.1) IB Diploma Biology Essential Idea: Heritable traits are passed down to offspring through genes.
Topics 4 and 10 GENETICS Genetics is the study of how inherited information is passed on from one generation to the next using genetic material….genes.
What is the Human Genome Project? Identify all the approximately 35,000 genes in human DNA Determine the sequences of the 3,000,000,000 bases ( = 200 phone.
1865- Gregor Mendel studied inheritance patterns using pea plants and observed traits were inherited as separate units. These traits are now known as.
Section 2 Genetics and Biotechnology DNA Technology
RNA and Protein Synthesis
DNA and Modern Genetics Chapter 5C. D eoxyribo N ucleic A cid DNA is a molecule that stores information that a cell needs to function, grow, & divide.
Genetics Inheritance through Evolution. Essential Ideas 3.1 Every living organism inherits a blueprint for life from its parents All members of a species.
List diseases that can be caused by mutations Cystic fibrosis Sickle cell anaemia Tay-Sachs disease Phenylketonuria Colour-blindness Cancers
Chromosomes, genes, alleles, and mutation Topic 4.1.
DNA and Modern Genetics Chapter 5. Chapter 5 Section 1 NOTES Page 135.
Construction of Substitution Matrices
ARE THESE ALL BEARS? WHICH ONES ARE MORE CLOSELY RELATED?
Topic 3 Genetics 3.1 Genes.
Chapter 3 The Biological Basis of Life. Chapter Outline  The Cell  DNA Structure  DNA Replication  Protein Synthesis.
Intro to Genetics (3.1).
Human Genomics. Writing in RED indicates the SQA outcomes. Writing in BLACK explains these outcomes in depth.
Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is also referred to as recombinant DNA technology – new combinations of genetic material are produced by artificially.
Copyright OpenHelix. No use or reproduction without express written consent1.
 During replication (in DNA), an error may be made that causes changes in the mRNA and proteins made from that part of the DNA  These errors or changes.
Mutations Chapter Types of Mutations The sequence of bases in DNA are like the letters of a coded message or even the letters of a simple alphabet.
Genes in ActionSection 1 Section 1: Mutation and Genetic Change Preview Bellringer Key Ideas Mutation: The Basis of Genetic Change Several Kinds of Mutations.
Biotechnology and Bioinformatics: Bioinformatics Essential Idea: Bioinformatics is the use of computers to analyze sequence data in biological research.
Gene Technologies and Human ApplicationsSection 1 Section 1: The Human Genome Preview Bellringer Key Ideas Secrets of the Human Genome Applications of.
All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016.
Genetics 3.1 Genes. Essential Idea: Every living organism inherits a blueprint for life from its parents.
Protein Evolution Introducing the use of Biology Workbench as a Bioinformatics Tool.
KEY CONCEPT DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.
13.3 Mutations. POINT > Define a gene in simple terms POINT > Define and describe genetic mutations POINT > Distinguish between gene and chromosomal mutations.
GENETICS.
Chromosomes, genes, alleles and mutations
Modern genetics.
Section 1: Mutation and Genetic Change
Genetics.
Genes (3.1) Essential Idea: Heritable traits are passed down to offspring through genes.
Biomedical Technology I
Every living organism inherits a blueprint for life from its parents.
Section 2 Genetics and Biotechnology DNA Technology
Genes 3.1.
Genes and Genomes.
MUTATIONS.
3.1 Genes Essential idea: Every living organism inherits a blueprint for life from its parents. Genes and hence genetic information is inherited from parents,
GENETICS.
Genomes and Their Evolution
Genes 3.1.
Environmental Factors vs Genetic Factors
KEY CONCEPT Entire genomes are sequenced, studied, and compared.
3.1 Genes Genes and hence genetic information is inherited from parents, but the combination of genes inherited from parents by each offspring will be.
Every living organism inherits a blueprint for life from its parents.
KEY CONCEPT Entire genomes are sequenced, studied, and compared.
Genetics Topic3.
KEY CONCEPT Entire genomes are sequenced, studied, and compared.
3.1 Genes Genes and hence genetic information is inherited from parents, but the combination of genes inherited from parents by each offspring will be.
3.1 Genes Essential idea: Every living organism inherits a blueprint for life from its parents. Genes and hence genetic information is inherited from.
Protein Synthesis DNA to Proteins.
MUTATIONS.
What has happened? Substitution mutation
MUTATIONS.
KEY CONCEPT Entire genomes are sequenced, studied, and compared.
Protein Synthesis Section 3 Transcription and Translation
KEY CONCEPT Entire genomes are sequenced, studied, and compared.
Presentation transcript:

By Chris Paine Genes Essential idea: Every living organism inherits a blueprint for life from its parents. Genes and hence genetic information is inherited from parents, but the combination of genes inherited from parents by each offspring will be different. In sexual reproduction each parent can only pass on 50% of there genes as the other 50% comes from the second parent /shaw_family_FULL.jpg

Understandings, Applications and Skills StatementGuidance 3.1.U1 A gene is a heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA and influences a specific characteristic. 3.1.U2 A gene occupies a specific position on a chromosome. 3.1.U3 The various specific forms of a gene are alleles. 3.1.U4 Alleles differ from each other by one or only a few bases. 3.1.U5 New alleles are formed by mutation.Deletions, insertions and frame shift mutations do not need to be included. 3.1.U6 The genome is the whole of the genetic information of an organism. 3.1.U7 The entire base sequence of human genes was sequenced in the Human Genome Project. 3.1.A1 The causes of sickle cell anemia, including a base substitution mutation, a change to the base sequence of mRNA transcribed from it and a change to the sequence of a polypeptide in hemoglobin. Students should be able to recall one specific base substitution that causes glutamic acid to be substituted by valine as the sixth amino acid in the hemoglobin polypeptide. 3.1.A2 Comparison of the number of genes in humans with other species. The number of genes in a species should not be referred to as genome size as this term is used for the total amount of DNA. At least one plant and one bacterium should be included in the comparison and at least one species with more genes and one with fewer genes than a human. 3.1.S1 Use of a database to determine differences in the base sequence of a gene in two species. The Genbank® database can be used to search for DNA base sequences. The cytochrome C gene sequence is available for many different organisms and is of particular interest because of its use in reclassifying organisms into three domains.

3.1.U1 A gene is a heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA and influences a specific characteristic. AND 3.1.U2 A gene occupies a specific position on a chromosome. AND 3.1.U3 The various specific forms of a gene are alleles. AND 3.1.U4 Alleles differ from each other by one or only a few bases. A gene is a heritable factor that controls or influences a specific characteristic, consisting of a length of DNA occupying a particular position on a chromosome (locus) olecules/gene/

3.1.U1 A gene is a heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA and influences a specific characteristic. AND 3.1.U2 A gene occupies a specific position on a chromosome. AND 3.1.U3 The various specific forms of a gene are alleles. AND 3.1.U4 Alleles differ from each other by one or only a few bases. A gene is a heritable factor that controls or influences a specific characteristic, consisting of a length of DNA occupying a particular position on a chromosome (locus) olecules/gene/ Alleles of a gene are found at the same locus, but have a different DNA base sequence. The sequence tends to be very similar, differing only by a few bases. As shown later on [3.1.A1] a mutation causing a change to a single base can have a large impact on the structure and function of the protein synthesised.

3.1.A2 Comparison of the number of genes in humans with other species. Humans see themselves as being more complex and evolved than other species. Therefore you might well expect to see a larger number of genes in humans than in other organisms. It is not just plants such as the grapevine that have large numbers of genes; water fleas are an animal example of an organism with more genes than humans. Q - When analysing an organisms’ complexity, what other than the count of an organisms’ genes needs to be considered? Virus Bacterium Insect Bird Plant Mammal

DNA Supercoiling: tro/

3.1.U6 The genome is the whole of the genetic information of an organism. AND 3.1.U7 The entire base sequence of human genes was sequenced in the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome* Project (HGP) was an international 13-year effort, 1990 to Primary goals were to discover the complete set of human genes and make them accessible for further biological study, and determine the complete sequence of DNA bases in the human genome. me/guide/human/ Human-Genome-Project-mapping-the-genome- sequencing-and-reassembly-3D-animation-.html *The genome is the entire genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses) and includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences.

Nature of Science: Developments in scientific research follow improvements in technology - gene sequencers are used for the sequencing of genes. (1.8) “The first methods for sequencing DNA were developed in the mid-1970s. At that time, scientists could sequence only a few base pairs per year, not nearly enough to sequence a single gene, much less the entire human genome. By the time the HGP began in 1990, only a few laboratories had managed to sequence a mere 100,000 bases, and the cost of sequencing remained very high. Since then, technological improvements and automation have increased speed and lowered cost to the point where individual genes can be sequenced routinely, and some labs can sequence well over 100 million bases per year.” ( Key advances in technology: Biotechnology techniques such as PCR are used to prepare samples: the DNA needs to be copied to prepare a sufficiently large pure samples to sequence Computers automate the sequencing process Fluorescent labeling techniques enable all four nucleotides to be analysed together Lasers are used to fluoresce the dye markers Digital camera technology reads the dye markers Computers are used to assemble the base sequence

3.1.A1 The causes of sickle cell anemia, including a base substitution mutation, a change to the base sequence of mRNA transcribed from it and a change to the sequence of a polypeptide in hemoglobin.

3.1.U5 New alleles are formed by mutation. ation/mutation/ Learn.Genetics: What Is Mutation?

3.1.U5 New alleles are formed by mutation.

3.1.A1 The causes of sickle cell anemia, including a base substitution mutation, a change to the base sequence of mRNA transcribed from it and a change to the sequence of a polypeptide in hemoglobin.

3.1.S1 Use of a database to determine differences in the base sequence of a gene in two species. Once use of aligning base sequences is to determine the differences between species: this can be used to help determine evolutionary relationships. GenBank Your task is to analyse the differences between three or more species (the skill asks for two species, but the online Clustal tool works better with a minimum of three). For each chosen species retrieve the base sequence: Go to GenBank website Select ‘Gene’ from the search bar Enter the name of a gene (e.g. AMY1A for salivary amylase 1A or COX1 for cytochrome oxidase 1) AND the organism (use the binomial) and press ‘Search’ n.b. if you are comparing species the gene chosen needs to be the same for each species Select the ‘Name/Gene ID’ to get a detailed view Scroll down to the ‘Genomic regions, transcripts, and products’ section and click on ‘FASTA’ Copy the entire sequence from ‘>’ onwards Save the sequence – you will need to align with the other species next

3.1.S1 Use of a database to determine differences in the base sequence of a gene in two species. Analysis: ‘Alignments’ allows you to visually check the results – this is easier if the chosen gene has a short base sequence Under ‘Results Summary’ use the ‘Percent Identity Matrix’ to quantify the overall similarity (0 = no similarity, 100 = identical) Under ‘Phylogenic Tree’ chose the ‘Real’ option for the Phylogram to get a visual representation of how similar the species are (based on the chosen gene). To align the sequences: Go to the Clustal Omega website In STEP 1 Select ‘DNA’ under ‘a set of’ Paste the chosen sequences into the box (each sequence must start on a new line) Press ‘Submit’ (and wait – depending on the size of the sequences you may have to wait for a couple of minutes)

Bibliography / Acknowledgments Bob Smullen