April 1, 2013 Do Now: In your notebooks, write out one question you have about the midterm material. Topics covered include toxicology and toxicity, controlled substances and other toxins, drug testing and drug identification, blood components, blood typing, and blood spatter. The exam is out of 100 points.

Exam Topics Toxicology + Toxicity Controlled Substances Drug Categories Drug Overdose Symptoms and Identification Urinalysis Lab Drug Identification Lab Blood Components Blood Typing Blood Spatter

Toxicology + Toxicity Toxicology The study of poisons and identification of drugs Toxicity Measure of how poisonous a substance is Factors affecting toxicity Dose Duration Exposure

Types of Exposure Intentional Treat illness or relieve pain Accidental Ingested or exposed, unintentional OD Deliberate Intention to harm or kill others, suicide

Poisoning and Overdose Acute High dose & short time Chronic Low dose & long time Overdose Accidental drug exposure above normal doses

Controlled Substances Drugs whose sale, possession, and use are under legal control. Includes both illegal and prescription drugs Hallucinogens, Stimulants, Narcotics, Anabolic Steroids, Depressants

Hallucinogens Affect perception, self-awareness, and emotions. Mescaline Marijuana Mushrooms LSD MDMA PCP

Overdose Symptoms General Increased Heart Rate, Hallucinations Mescaline diarrhea, vomiting MDMA seizures, panic attack, stroke, death LSD sleeplessness, sweating PCP convulsions, death, psychosis, numbness

Narcotics Reduce pain by suppressing CNS ability to relay pain signals to brain. Heroin Codeine Hydrocodone (Vicodin) Morphine Oxycodone (OxyContin)

Narcotics Overdose General Symptoms – difficulty breathing, coma Opium –confusion, weakness Heroin, Codeine, Morphine – constipation, vomiting, death Oxycodone – seizures, dizziness, small pupils

Stimulants Increase feelings of energy and alertness while suppressing appetite. Depression as effects wear off. Amphetamines Cocaine Crack Cocaine Methamphetamine

Stimulant Overdose General Symptoms – rapid heart rate, death Amphetamines (Speed) –stroke, seizure, coma Cocaine/Crack –seizures, stroke, heart attack bleeding in the brain Methamphetamines – dilated pupils, high BP, bleeding in the brain

Anabolic Steroids Promote cell and tissue growth Chemically Manufactured Similar to testosterone Used to treat some medical cases

Anabolic Steroid Abuse Acne Increased body hair Baldness Sterility in males Heart attacks Cancer

Depressants Barbiturates – relieve anxiety and produce sleep Reduce body functions by increase of neurotransmitter GABA, causing drowsiness.

Depressant Effects Side effects Slurred speech Loss of coordination Overdose may cause slow heart rate, coma, and death.

Organic Toxins Substances produced by living organisms Absorbed and interfere with metabolism Venom

Alcohol Conversion of ethanol to acetic acid causes dehydration Side Effects - Hangover, headache, nausea Overdose - Liver damage & Alcohol poisoning

Bacterial Toxins Botulism – most poisonous biological substance Destroyed by cooking

Heavy Metals and Pesticides Metals include cyanide, arsenic, lead, and mercury Also include gases Hydrogen Cyanide Carbon Monoxide Inhibit production of ATP

Bioterrorism Agents Ricin and Anthrax Very small amounts needed to be toxic Effects are dependent on the exposure

Drug Testing Testing for Drugs and their metabolites Test hair, saliva, blood, and urine Detection time varies from drug to drug

Urine Analysis Lab Positive Control – Sample known to contain the drug. In our experiment, this sample changed color Negative Control – Sample known to not contain the drug. In our experiment, this sample did not change color Why are they necessary? So we have a benchmark to compare our results to

Urine Analysis Lab How were we able to identify what samples contained the drug? How were we able to prevent bias from interfering with our results? Why might a scientist testing urine check the temperature of the sample?

Drug Identification Lab What were our controls in this experiment? What was the aim of this experiment? How did you go about identifying your unknown?

Drug Identification In – class assignment: You have found an unknown substance at the scene of the crime. The victim is having difficulty breathing, and is not responsive. They may be in a coma. Write out your own experimental procedure, including all controls and steps. Do not worry about writing all materials.

Blood Know all blood components – plasma, RBC, WBC, and platelets Blood Typing – if agglutination is occurring, that protein is present Blood Spatter Angle of Impact = sin^-1(W/L) Point of Origin = tan(angle of impact) x D