Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-1 Business Statistics, 4e by Ken Black Chapter 2 Charts & Graphs

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-2 Learning Objectives Recognize the difference between grouped and ungrouped data Construct a frequency distribution Construct a histogram, a frequency polygon, an ogive, a pie chart, a stem and leaf plot, a Pareto chart, and a scatter plot

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-3 Ungrouped Versus Grouped Data Ungrouped data have not been summarized in any way are also called raw data Grouped data have been organized into a frequency distribution

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-4 Example of Ungrouped Data Ages of a Sample of Managers from Urban Child Care Centers in the United States

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-5 Frequency Distribution of Child Care Manager’s Ages Class IntervalFrequency 20-under under under under under under 801

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-6 Data Range Smallest Largest

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-7 Number of Classes and Class Width The number of classes should be between 5 and 15. Fewer than 5 classes cause excessive summarization. More than 15 classes leave too much detail. Class Width Divide the range by the number of classes for an approximate class width Round up to a convenient number

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-8 Class Midpoint

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. 2-9 Relative Frequency Relative Class IntervalFrequencyFrequency 20-under under under under under under Total501.00

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Cumulative Frequency Cumulative Cumulative Class IntervalFrequencyFrequency 20-under under under under under under Total50 Total50

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Class Midpoints, Relative Frequencies, and Cumulative Frequencies Relative Cumulative Relative Cumulative Class IntervalFrequencyMidpointFrequencyFrequency 20-under under under under under under Total Total501.00

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Cumulative Relative Frequencies Cumulative RelativeCumulativeRelative Class IntervalFrequencyFrequencyFrequencyFrequency 20-under under under under under under Total501.00

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Common Statistical Graphs Histogram -- vertical bar chart of frequencies Frequency Polygon -- line graph of frequencies Ogive -- line graph of cumulative frequencies Pie Chart -- proportional representation for categories of a whole Stem and Leaf Plot Pareto Chart Scatter Plot

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Histogram Class IntervalFrequency 20-under under under under under under 801

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Histogram Construction Class IntervalFrequency 20-under under under under under under 801

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Frequency Polygon Class IntervalFrequency 20-under under under under under under 801

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ogive Cumulative Class IntervalFrequency 20-under under under under under under 8050

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Relative Frequency Ogive Cumulative Relative Class IntervalFrequency 20-under under under under under under

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Complaints by Amtrak Passengers COMPLAINTNUMBERPROPORTION DEGREES Stations, etc.28, Train Performance 14, Equipment10, Personnel9, Schedules, etc. 7, Total70,

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Complaints by Amtrak Passengers

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Second Quarter Truck Production in the U.S. (Hypothetical values) 2d Quarter Truck Production Company A B C D E Totals 357, , ,997 34,099 12, ,190

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Second Quarter U.S. Truck Production

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Pie Chart Calculations for Company A 2d Quarter Truck Production ProportionDegreesCompany A B C D E Totals 357, , ,997 34,099 12, ,

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Safety Examination Scores for Plant Trainees Raw Data Stem Leaf

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Construction of Stem and Leaf Plot Raw Data Stem Leaf Stem Leaf Stem Leaf

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Pareto Chart Poor Wiring Short in Coil Defective Plug Other Frequency 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons Scatter Plot Registered Vehicles (1000's) Gasoline Sales (1000's of Gallons)