Panel A :Communities of Practice in Biodiversity Research Ecological and Ecosystem Studies Erwin Beck, University of Bayreuth, Germany Access and Benefit Sharing is Ѵ

Regulating Climate Regulation Flood Regulation Disease Regulation Water Purification ….. Cultural Aesthetic Spiritual Educational Recreational ….. Provisioning Food Fresh Water Wood and Fiber Fuel ….. Supporting Nutrient Cycling Soil Formation PrimaryProduction ….. Ecosystem Services Life on Earth = Biodiversity Source: Millenium Ecosystem Assessment Ecological and Ecosystem Research Intensity of linkages between ecosystem Services and human well-being Strong Medium Weak Low Medium High Width Arrow‘s Width Colour Arrow‘s Colour Potential for mediation by socioeconomic factors Freedom of choice & action Opportunity to be able to achieve what an individual values doing and being. Basic material for good life Adequate livelihoods Sufficient nutritous food Shelter.Access to goods Health Strenght Feeling well Access to clean water and air Security Personal safety Decure resource access Security from deasters Good social relations Social cohesion Mutual respect Ability to help others Constituents of Well-being Actors: Universities Research Institutions Museums Disciplines: Life sciences (taxonomiy, vegetation analysis, ecophysiology, population studies, crop science) Geosciences (Climatology, geology, soil science, hydrology, landscape history) Social Sciences (landuse systems, social communities, livelihood, education)

Non-commercial Ecosystem Studies: The supporting services: Understanding the significance of biodiversity for ecosystem functions: Turnover of matter and energy in an ecosystem results mainly from activities and interactions of its organisms (functionality in an ecosystem) 1. Observations & measurements Aspects of functionality analysis in an ecosystem Photosynthesis, biomass production and turnover Litter decomposition and soil formation Nutrient cycling (N, P, K, a.s.o.) Regulation of water relations Heliocarpus Tabebuia Setaria Cedrela Rubus Pteridium Alnus Maximum photosynthesis at ambient CO 2 [µmol CO 2  m -2  s -1 ] Position in a sucessional sequence Photosynthesis Organismic interactions Inventory of organisms Organismic interactions Mechanisms of maintenance of the organismic diversity

Understanding the significance of biodiversity for ecosystem functions: 2. Ecological Experiments require special permits must be planned cautiously, and must be performed in agreement with the local scientists and people. Investigating effects of local land-use practices (burning) on the biodiversity (Ecuador Simulating ENSO drought effects on the primary forest in the SULAWESI throughfall displacement experimen (Indonesia) 3. Models and simulations using data from measurements and experiments e.g. Influence of fire on the competitive growth of 2 selected plant species: a pasture weed (Pteridium) and the pasture grass

Name of PI, affiliation Local counterparts, affiliations Title of the project Summary Research areas Aims of the work Expected results Relevance of the project (expected use and potential value for the country) Time schedule of the work (milestones) Collaboration with other projects Previous work Materials and methods with special justifications of ecological experiments and environmental interferences potentially causing pollution Collection of samples: which material? How many samples? Export necessary (y/n); if yes: Justification Labelling of research area necessary (y/n); if yes: how? At which authority are duplicate samples deposited? Available funds Questions to PIs upon application for research permit Research permit may be for more than 1 year, however annual reports must be submitted. Access In some developing countries are the fees for research permit very high..

Sharing benefits in ecological biodiversity research Participatory gain of knowledge:  Identification and systematic grouping of new species  Establishment of collections in the host country and conservation of organisms  A better understanding of the ecology of the research area: Functional aspects of biodiversity.  Joint elaboration of management recommendations for a sustainable land use Disposal of equipment & financing research facilities:  Laboratories and laboratory equipment, field observatories and botanical gardens in the host country. Capacity building: Training of students and scientists in ecology and biology.  Introduction of new methodology  Establishment of, and access to a comprehensive data base Joint publication of the research Environmental education of the public Employment of local people as workers and helpers

Contents: Ecosystem research contains inevitably biodiversity research Ecosystem-Services, in particular Ecosystem Supporting Services are fields of basic, non-commercial research: Functionality of biodiversity in an ecosystem Turnover of matter and energy in an ecosystem results mainly from activities & interactions of its organisms. Fields of ecosystem research: 1. Inventories, observations and measurements 2. Ecological field experiments 3. Models and simulations How to get permit for the research in foreign countries Which benefits from ecological and ecosystem research arise for the host country. Session 3, Panel A :Communities of Practice in Biodiversity Research: Ecological and Ecosystem Studies (E. Beck)

Initialization: Data collection Plant Functional Type-parameters LAI per grid cell FPC per grid cell Meteorological Initialisation (MicMet 10 min) Physiological Initialisation Growth of bracken & Setaria 10 min update cycle of C Air & Soil Temperature Rainfall Humidity GrossPrim.Prod. Radiation (PAR, Solar) Wind Soil Moisture Photosynthesis Irradiance Mic.Meteorol. Dai et al Oleson et al MicMet NetPrimaryProd. Respiration Net C PFTs Soil Temperature Leaf Temperature Sitch et al Levis et al VegDyn Vegetation Dynamics Allocation Turnover Mortality → ΔLAI; ΔFract. Projective Cover Daily update cycle of LAI & FPC Bonan et al Levis et al VegDyn and competition for light MicMet Soil Temperature Day 1 to n Day > n After day n Pakeman et al For day 1 --> n C root → C C → C leaf + C root LAI, FPC, C leaf = 0; Day 1 to n Fire Understanding the significance of biodiversity for ecosystem functions: 3. Simulations and Modelling using experimental data e.g. Influence of fire on the competition of 2 selected plant species: Bracken and a grass