Utility Engineers, PC

 Generation  Transmission  Distribution

 Generation - electric energy generation takes primary energy (fuel resources) to create a secondary form of energy (electricity).  Transmission – process of transferring electric energy from one location to another in an electric power system.  Distribution - final stage in the delivery of electricity to end users. Carries electricity from the transmission system and delivers it to consumers.

 Safety  Customer Service Reliable Cost-effective Sufficient Short Term Long Term  Planned Loads  Unplanned Loads

 Safety- No electrical hazards ◦ Customers ◦ Utility personnel

 Multiple utility power sources ◦ Supplying multiple connection paths to the loads served.  Selecting quality electrical equipment and conductors  Using the best installation methods.  System alarms ◦ monitoring ◦ diagnostics

 Budget - key factor in assessing competing designs. ◦ Initial cost of installation  Material  Labor  In House  Outside Contractors ◦ Life cycle cost

 System design to accommodate changes.  Future expansion ◦ Additional load  Justification with trending and historical data.  Transformers ◦ increase capacity ◦ fan cooling ◦ pump cooling  Circuits ◦ Capacity ◦ Quantity

 System redundancy – Ability to take electrical equipment out of service without dropping loads. ◦ Dual Transformers ◦ Transfer Bus ◦ Circuit Ties ◦ Redundant Equipment

 Transformer Evaluation  Transformer Choices  Remanufactured  Rebuilt  New  Evaluate operating losses  Higher first cost compared to life cycle cost  Utility energy charge applied for the losses in the transformer considering initial cost and cost of money (life cycle cost)

 Substation Structure ◦ Aluminum50+ Years ◦ Steel40 Years  Power Transformers40 Years  Distribution Transformers25 Years  Distribution Switch25 Years  Circuit Breakers40 Years  Instrument Transformers45 Years  Relay and Control15 Years  Communications 10 Years  SCADA15 Years

 Fencing20 Years  Distribution Lines40 Years  Street Lighting20 Years  Meters, Mechanical20 Years  Meters, Solid State12 Years  Poles ◦ Steel55 Years ◦ Concrete55 Years ◦ Wood45 Years  Towers50 Years  Underground Conduit50 Years  Underground Conductors25 Years  Fiber Optic20 Years

 Design Standards  Construction Standards  Loading  Maintenance ◦ Policy ◦ Procedure ◦ Practice  Operating Practice

 Environment ◦ Switching ◦ Lightning and Surges ◦ Location

◦ System Location ◦ Temperature ◦ Moisture ◦ Protection ◦ Load factor ◦ Power factor

 Scheduled Maintenance  Diagnostic Maintenance  Predictive Maintenance

 Per Manufacturer Recommendations  Manage Risk with Predictive Maintenance ◦ Testing ◦ Diagnostics ◦ Monitoring

 Substation Structure ◦ Aluminum50+ Years ◦ Steel40 Years

 Power Transformers 40 Years

 Unit Substation Transformers40 Years

 Distribution Transformers25 Years

 Distribution Switch25 Years

 Group Operated Air Break Switch 25 Years

 Circuit Breakers40 Years

 Instrument Transformers45 Years

 Relay and Control15 Years

 Communications10 Years

 SCADA15 Years (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

 Power transformers are the most significant portion of municipal system assets representing 35 percent of typical substation costs.  Major concern to every electric utility.  All transformers are not the same. ◦ Materials ◦ Construction ◦ Cooling

 After Failure - ◦ When equipment fails it is repaired or replaced.  Outage Maintenance - ◦ Equipment is de-energized and maintenance is performed.  Predictive Maintenance – ◦ Based on early indications, equipment is maintained.

 Acceptance Test – Verifies that equipment supplied is functional and within specifications.  Diagnostic Test – Detection of specific issues or problems.  Predictive – Identifies early indications of potential issues.

 Open Construction

 Armless Construction ◦ 3 covered conductors on fiberglass supports.

 Hendrix Cable Construction ◦ Hendrix Cable - 3 covered conductors supported by a messenger and separated and by spacers.

 Underground

 15 KV Cutout ◦ Solid Blade ◦ Fusible  First Line of Protection for Faults

 Surge Arrester  Load Break Cutout  Termination

 Surge Arrester

 Group Operated Air Break Switch

 Recloser

 Sectionalizer

 Lighting  Security  Meter Replacement

Utility Engineers, PC