1 The increase of disease in our ocean’s. Case study; the Pilchard’s Sardinops sagax of the Southern Oceans of Australia. Andrew G Challingsworth Deakin University.

2 Abstract; A literature review was conducted of ‘Scientific journals’. A literature review was conducted of ‘Scientific journals’. To accurately assess the scientific information, on the increase of disease in our oceans. To accurately assess the scientific information, on the increase of disease in our oceans. We can now accurately generalize that disease outbreaks in marine organism have increased in recent years. We can now accurately generalize that disease outbreaks in marine organism have increased in recent years. Disease outbreaks correspond to a list of Disease outbreaks correspond to a list of environmental factors. Case study the Australian pilchard Sardinops sagax and how changing environmental factors resulted in a disease epidemic. Case study the Australian pilchard Sardinops sagax and how changing environmental factors resulted in a disease epidemic.

3Introduction; After reviewing the scientific literature. After reviewing the scientific literature. We can accurately assess, that disease is more prominent in the ocean environment. We can accurately assess, that disease is more prominent in the ocean environment. Environmental factors are increasing disease episodes in our oceans. Environmental factors are increasing disease episodes in our oceans. Environmental change can interact with disease in our oceans in many ways. (Lafferty, Porter & Ford 2004). Environmental change can interact with disease in our oceans in many ways. (Lafferty, Porter & Ford 2004).

4 The aquatic environment needs to be thoroughly The aquatic environment needs to be thoroughlyunderstood. ‘Growth and reproduction of fishes is affected when the environmental parameters of aquatic environments diverge beyond acceptable limits’. ‘Growth and reproduction of fishes is affected when the environmental parameters of aquatic environments diverge beyond acceptable limits’. ‘This may lead to acute or chronic disease conditions’. (De Silva et al 2003,Topic one). ‘This may lead to acute or chronic disease conditions’. (De Silva et al 2003,Topic one). Australian Pilchard Sardinops sagax,

5 Methods ; An accurate study of our environmental factors needs to be established. An accurate study of our environmental factors needs to be established. Environmental factors; Environmental factors; Physical factors; i.e. Temperature, Light, Dissolved Gases. Physical factors; i.e. Temperature, Light, Dissolved Gases. Anthropomorphic influences/factors; i.e. Pollution from factories, Sewage. Anthropomorphic influences/factors; i.e. Pollution from factories, Sewage. Biological factors; i.e. Microorganisms, Dinoflagelates, Blue – green algae. Biological factors; i.e. Microorganisms, Dinoflagelates, Blue – green algae.

6 A biopsy of the Biology of the Australian Pilchard Sardinops sagax. A biopsy of the Biology of the Australian Pilchard Sardinops sagax. A biopsy of the disease epidemic; (PHV) Pilchard Herpes Virus. A biopsy of the disease epidemic; (PHV) Pilchard Herpes Virus. Dead pilchards on a beach in Western Australia during the mortality event in 1998.

7 Results; Environmental factors; Environmental factors; Physical factors; Physical factors; Temperature; thermal tolerance limits, optimum required. (De Silva et al 2003,Topic one). Temperature; thermal tolerance limits, optimum required. (De Silva et al 2003,Topic one). Affects resistance to disease. Affects resistance to disease. Red coral, tolerance limits to temperature change, Climate warming.

8 Light; Light; Increasing light levels. Increasing light levels. Growth in unicellular algae. Growth in unicellular algae. Result of climate change. Result of climate change. A; Increase in harmful algal blooms ; A; Increase in harmful algal blooms ; ‘Climate change’. (Lafferty, Porter & Ford 2004). B; Dinoflagellate. B; Dinoflagellate. A B

9 Temperature changes solubility of toxic compounds i.e. crude oil, pesticides. Temperature changes solubility of toxic compounds i.e. crude oil, pesticides. Crude Oil: Toxicants increase susceptibility to disease by impairing defenses i.e. mucus production. (Lafferty, Porter & Ford 2004). Crude Oil: Toxicants increase susceptibility to disease by impairing defenses i.e. mucus production. (Lafferty, Porter & Ford 2004).

10 Heavy metals also become more toxic. Heavy metals also become more toxic. (De Silva et al 2003,Topic one).

11 Physical factors affecting the aquatic environment; Light Light Light and the effects of climate change with increasing temperature and light levels can cause growth in unicellular algae. Light and the effects of climate change with increasing temperature and light levels can cause growth in unicellular algae. There has been a notable increase in harmful algal blooms between the periods of corresponding to climate change. (Lafferty, Porter & Ford 2004). There has been a notable increase in harmful algal blooms between the periods of corresponding to climate change. (Lafferty, Porter & Ford 2004).

12 Physical factors; Dissolved Gases Dissolved Gases Excess Carbon dioxide dissolved in water can depress fish respiration. Global factors include predicted rise in oceanic carbon dioxide concentrations. (Lafferty, Porter & Ford 2004). Excess Carbon dioxide dissolved in water can depress fish respiration. Global factors include predicted rise in oceanic carbon dioxide concentrations. (Lafferty, Porter & Ford 2004).

13 Environmental factors; Anthropomorphic influences Anthropomorphic influences Pollution from factories Pollution from factories Heavy metals; Heavy metals; In Australia Mercury and Cadmium are contaminants of fish. In Australia Mercury and Cadmium are contaminants of fish.

14 Anthropomorphic influences Non-Metals; Non-Metals; Biodegradation resistant organochlorine compounds are toxic to fish. Biodegradation resistant organochlorine compounds are toxic to fish. Can become concentrated in the food chain DDT and dieldrin as they are highly resistant to degradation. Can become concentrated in the food chain DDT and dieldrin as they are highly resistant to degradation. Sewage Sewage Discharge reduces water quality causes oxygen depletion caused by microbial growth. Discharge reduces water quality causes oxygen depletion caused by microbial growth. Nitrates and phosphates may stimulate excessive algal blooms and leads to oxygen depletion. Nitrates and phosphates may stimulate excessive algal blooms and leads to oxygen depletion.