Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad

Joseph Conrad ( ) Conrad, whose original name was Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, was born near Berdichev, Poland (now in Ukraine), the son of a Polish nobleman who was also a political journalist and anarchist. From his father the boy acquired a love of literature, including romantic tales of the sea. He was orphaned at the age of 12, and when he was 16 years old he left Russian-occupied Poland and made his way to Marseille, France. For the next four years he worked on French ships, ran guns for the Carlist pretender to the Spanish throne, and became involved in a love affair that ended in his attempted suicide. He then entered the British merchant service, becoming a master mariner and a naturalized British subject in 1886; a few years later he changed his name to sound more English. Joseph Conrad Most famous novels: Almayer’s Folly (1889) Lord Jim (1900) Heart of Darkness (1902) Nostromo (1904) The Secret Agent (1907) Under Western Eyes (1911)

English as a Third Language Published first novel at 38, writing in English When he wrote, critics and public didn’t appreciate him Had money troubles but ultimately found success Considered one of the leading Modernists at death

Heart of Darkness is Conrad’s most widely read novel. One reason is that it lends itself to wide range of interpretations. It can be read as….. 1. As autobiography: The account of a journey up the Congo river that Conrad undertook in the early 1890’s. 2. As anticolonialism: An exposition of the brutality of Belgian colonial rule. 3. As myth: An ( Arthurian) quest. 4. As classical or Norse mythology. 5. As psychology or psychoanalysis: A journey into the Self. - and as a picture of the American involvement in the Vietnam War

Autobiography Conrad did, in fact, go up the Congo River in 1890 Like Marlow in the novel, he got the job to go to the Congo through his aunt. Like Marlow, he did not get along with the manager Like Marlow, he was sent to pick up an agent Klein !! Like Marlow, he fell ill and nearly died

Congo in the 1890’s Inner Station

Anticolonialism “The conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking it away from those who have a different complexion or lightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look into it too much.” ”a taint of imbecile rapacity blew through it all like the whiff from some corpse.” In an essay Conrad calls the colonial exploitation of the Congo, “the vilest scramble for loot that ever dis- figured the history of human conscience…” Conrad about colonialism:

Myth In the King Arthur myths a knight in shining amour goes on a quest. Typically a quest for the holy grail. The quest usually involves a number of trials. Some of those are physical, but the toughest tests are usually spiritual, a test of moral fibre or personal integrity. The trials do not necessarily lead to wealth and fame, but equally often to insight and humility.

Mythology, classical and Norse There are a number of references to Greek and Norse Mythology and to the Iliad, the Odyssey and the Aeneid : The women in the Brussels office => Fates or Nornes The Sepuchral city => Descent into the underworld ( Odyssey and Aeneid) The river => Styx, Lethe (Rivers in the underworld) The dying Negroes => The lifeless shadows in the underworld The journey itself => the journeys of Odysseus and Aeneas

The novel has repeatedly been compared to Dante’s Divine Comedy. Dante also undertakes a journey to the underworld, to the Christian Hell. Other parallels are: The river = snake = temptation The dying Negroes = souls in limbo The Inner Station = the inner sanctum of Hell, Inferno Christian Mythology

Psychology, psychoanalysis More than 20 years before Freud published his tripartite division of the mind into Superego, Ego and Id, Conrad seems to use similar ideas: superego ego id In Freudian theory, the division of the unconscious that is formed through the internalization of moral standards of parents and society, and that censors and restrains the ego. The self, especially as distinct from the world and other selves. In psychoanalysis, the division of the psyche that is conscious, most immediately controls thought and behavior, and is most in touch with external reality. a.An exaggerated sense of self-importance; conceit. b.Appropriate pride in oneself; self-esteem. In Freudian theory, the division of the psyche that is totally unconscious and serves as the source of instinctual impulses and demands for immediate satisfaction of primitive needs.

Apocalypse Now Apocalypse Now is only loosely based on Heart of Darkness. However, the main plot and quite a few individual lines have been lifted directly from the novel. Like the novel it is an delving into the darkness of man’s heart. Like the novel, the film wants to penetrate all the way to the reptile brain. Where the novel may be called anticolonialist, the film may be seen as anti-war. There is the same basic conflict of a technologically advanced culture attempting to impose its will on a less developed people. If the novel questions ‘the white man’s burden’, the film questions the right of one country to impose its political system on another. ‘The horror… the horror’

Modernism Literary movement from Generic term for smaller literary movements of the same time period –Symbolism –Imagism –Surrealism –Etc.

Modernism Non-chronological Left realism behind – no attempt to preserve the illusion of something really happening Emphasis on –Consciousness –Unconsciousness –Perception

Modernism The Frame Story –One narrator tells a story in which another narrator tells a story –Examples: The Canterbury Tales Life of Pi What effect on the reader? What advantage to the novelist?

Effect on the Reader Authors thought carefully about the ideas they expressed Experimentation with different techniques Calculated to produce an effect –Shift in chronology – disorienting –Unreliable narrator – nothing is certain –Frame story – disconnected from author

Heart of Darkness In 1890, Conrad traveled to the Congo in command of a Belgian ship Story completed in 1899 The story told by Marlow to his friends aboard the Nellie. Narrator describes it as “one of Marlow’s inconclusive tales”

Marlow’s Story on the Surface He takes employment with a European ivory trading company, because there is no other job. He travels to the Congo, where he is sent up-river to relieve Mr. Kurtz. Many of the station agents travel with him. When they find Kurtz, he is dying (of malaria?).

On the surface… Marlow returns with Kurtz down-river. Kurtz, in dying, whispers ‘the horror, the horror.’ Marlow must take responsibility for delivering Kurtz’s papers and letters to his fiance – his ‘intended’ She asks for Kurtz’s last words, and Marlow lies

Themes Colonialism justified by missionary zeal Europeans said –Teaching the ‘savages’ a better way of life Suttee Sacrifice –Making proper use of ‘God-given’ resources –God gave Europeans the power to rule… God was on their side.

Themes Racism –Marlow refers to the natives as savages

Conventional symbols Darkness –Ignorance –Sin / evil –Paganism Water –Unconscious / subconscious –Rebirth (Christian baptism)