Are there really advantages to investing at a young age? Disadvantages Advantages

Understanding Your Options in Today’s Financial Markets Warm-Up: What are some ways that you could save your money? Saving and Investing Understanding Your Options in Today’s Financial Markets

Topic Overview Investing Financial System Investment Choices Savings Accounts CD’s Mutual Funds Bonds Stocks

What is investment? Translation: Putting money aside today so that you can have more money in the future! The act of redirecting resources from being consumed today so that they will create benefits in the future.

Private Enterprise and Investing For investment to take place an economy needs a healthy financial system. The financial system includes savers and borrowers and allows for the transfer of money between them. When people save or invest their money, their funds become available for businesses to use to expand and grow. In this way, investment promotes economic growth for the entire economy.

What are financial intermediaries? What are some examples of financial intermediaries? What are financial intermediaries? Banks and Credit Unions Finance Companies Life Insurance Companies Mutual Funds Pension Funds Financial intermediaries are institutions that help channel funds from savers to borrowers.

Savers make deposits to… Financial Institutions that make loans to… Financial Intermediaries Savers make deposits to… Commercial banks Savings & loan associations Savings banks Mutual savings banks Credit unions Financial Institutions that make loans to… Life insurance companies Mutual funds Pension funds Finance companies Investors

What are the Three Main Functions of Financial Intermediaries? Sharing Risk Providing Information Providing Liquidity

Things to Consider…. What are some things that you may consider before choosing an investment option? Return and Liquidity Savings accounts have greater liquidity, but in general have a lower rate of return. Certificates of deposit usually have a greater return but liquidity is reduced. Return and Risk In general, the higher potential return of the investment, the greater the risk involved.

Saving and Investing Options Compare and Contrast Savings Accounts Learn More... CD’s Learn More... Bonds Stocks Advantages Disadvantages

Saving and Investing Savings 1. Savings Accounts Savings A bank account used for depositing money that may be needed in a short amount of time. Highly Liquid/Low Interest Money Market Bank account that allows you to save and write a limited number of checks. Higher interest (VARIABLE) than a savings account, but generally requires a minimum balance and has increased fees. Liquid/Variable interest Time Deposit (Certificate of Deposit) Bank accounts that offer a guaranteed interest rate for a fixed amount of time. Banks charge substantial penalty for withdrawing before the CD has reached maturity Low Liquidity/Higher interest

2. Bonds Loans or IOU’s from the government or corporation that must be repaid to the investor. Characteristics: coupon rate (interest rate), maturity (time until payment is due), par value (face value/principal) Types: Savings, Treasury, Municipal, Corporate, Junk Lack liquidity, moderate return, generally low risk

3. STOCKS Represent a piece of ownership in a corporation Potential Benefits: Capital Gains and/or Dividends Types of Stock: Preferred (dividends) and Common (dividends based on the market) Highly liquid, moderate to high risk

4. MUTUAL FUNDS Fund that pools the savings of many individuals and invests this money in a variety of stocks, bonds and other financial assets. Naturally diverse investment option, which reduced risk Liquidity and risk vary by type

The Stock Market Stock Market Basics Corporation Economy Investor Corporations can raise money by issuing stock which represents ownership in the corporation. A portion of stock is called a SHARE. By selling shares of stock, corporations raise money to start, expand and develop their businesses. In this way, stocks encourage overall economic growth. 15

How Stocks Are Traded A stockbroker is a person who links buyers and sellers of stock. Stockbrokers work for brokerage firms, or businesses that specialize in trading stock. Stock exchanges are markets for buying and selling stock. 16

How do investors profit from stocks? Dividends ~portions of a corporation’s profits that are paid out to stockholders. ~Generally, The higher the corporate profit, the higher the dividend. Capital gains ~Money earned when a stockholder sells stock for more than they paid for it.

What are four main types of stock? Dividend Difference Growth Stock Pays few or no dividends. Income Stock Pays regular dividends. Decision Making Difference Common Stock Voting member, last payout Preferred Stock Non-voting member, first payout 18

Measuring Stock Performance Bull and Bear Markets When the stock market rises steadily over time, a bull market exists. When the stock market falls over a period of time, it’s called a bear market. Stock Performance Indexes The Dow Jones Industrial Average The Dow is an index that shows how stocks of 30 companies in various industries have changed in value. The S & P 500 The S & P 500 is an index that tracks the performance of 500 different stocks. 19

The Crash of 1929 $87 Billion Between the years of 1925 and 1929 the value of stocks being sold on the New York Stock Exchange had more than tripled. GM rose from $268 to $452 per share!! $27 Billion 1925 1929

Causes of the Crash Dangerous investment practices Speculation Buying on the Margin False sense of prosperity The “Roaring Twenties” brought unprecedented amounts of prosperity to the United States. During this period consumers had access to many new products and believed that they could all have the glitz and glamour of the era. Many spent well beyond their means and then utilized the largely unrestricted credit available to keep on purchasing. Government policies “Laissez Faire” Lack of business regulation Lack of bank regulation Lack of stock market regulation

The Beginning of the End: Black Thursday Despite signs in September that a stock market crash may occur, many people continued to invest in the market. By late October it became clear that the market was getting increasingly dangerous. Professional investors began to pull out of the market which resulted in a decline in prices. On October 24, 1929 almost 13 MILLION shares of stock were frantically traded. As stock values plummeted below the amount borrowed to purchase them, brokers demanded that investors repay their loans. When they couldn’t, brokers offered the stocks for sale.

The Bottom Falls Out: Black Tuesday October 29, 1929 The Bottom Falls Out: Black Tuesday On October 29, 1929 the stock market collapsed. Over 16 MILLION shares of stock were sold on that day and by the end of the day many stocks had no value at all! Investors lost over $30 BILLION which was equivalent to: 1/3 of the United States gross domestic product Wages of ALL Americans for that entire year! The failure of the banks was one of the most devastating results of the stock market crash because it resulted in non-investors losing their savings

Stock Market Crash: 2 Chapter 11, Section 3

Effects of the Great Crash The Great Depression Mistrust of banking industry/stock market Long-term reduction of investment

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