States of Matter Deformation of Solids Density and Pressure Solids and Fluids States of Matter Deformation of Solids Density and Pressure

Familiar States of Matter Solids – atoms held together by ___________ forces Crystalline has _________ structure (a) Amorphous has __________ structure (b) Liquids – forces do not keep atoms/molecules in fixed positions and they can _______ (c) Gases – molecules in constant _________ motion, widely separated, and only exert ______ forces on each other Fig. 9.2, p. 269

Exotic States of Matter Plasma – like a gas but electrons are ________ from atoms Dark Matter – _______, inferred from motion of stars orbiting centers of galaxies Dark Energy – invisible, one explanation for rapid ___________ of universe

Deformation of Solids: Stress and Strain Stress is the ______ ___ ____ _____ causing deformation Strain is a measure of the _________ of deformation For small stresses, stress is __________ to strain Fig. 9.4, p. 271

Young’s Modulus: Elasticity in Length Force is __________ to area A Force is “tensile” – produces ________ Tensile ______ is L/L0 Force per unit area has units of ________ (Pa) Y is Young’s modulus Fig. 9.3, p. 270

Shear Modulus: Elasticity of Shape Fig. 9.4, p. 271 Force is ________ to area A Force produces ____ stress Shear ______ is x/h S is Shear modulus

Bulk Modulus: Volume Elasticity Force _______ applied to all sides (perpendicular) Volume ____ is P=F/A Volume _____ is V/V B is Bulk modulus B is always ________ _____________ is B-1 Fig. 9.6, p. 272

Density and Pressure Density is mass _______ by volume Specific gravity is ratio of density to density of _______ Pressure is ______ per unit area In a fluid molecules are free to move so it can not sustain a _____ stress, only _____ stresses

Pressure Variation with Depth Fluid at rest in container All portions in static __________ All points at same depth at same ___________ Consider shaded volume Fig. 9.11b, p. 279

Pascal’s Principle A change in __________ applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted ___________ to every point in the fluid and the walls of the container. Fig. 9.14a, p. 281

Measuring Pressure Open tube manometer Gauge pressure is P − P0 Barometer Gives atmospheric pressure P0 1 atm equivalent to 0.76 m of Hg Fig. 9.16, p. 283

Archimedes’ Principle Buoyant force is equal to the weight of fluid ________ by an object Objects less dense than fluid ____ (a) Objects more dense than fluid ____ (b) Fig. 9.19, p. 286

Totally Submerged Objects Examine Newton’s 2nd Law

Examine Newton’s 2nd Law Floating Objects Examine Newton’s 2nd Law Fig. 9.20, p. 286