ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY HONORS CHAPTER 5 TISSUES

INTRO TO TISSUES  Please copy the following for your notes and answer while we are watching this. 1. What is histology? 2. List the 4 types of tissues. 3. What are the two types of nervous tissue cells? 4. What are the 3 types of muscle tissue called?

ANSWERS 1. What is histology? The study of tissues 2. List the 4 types of tissues. Connective, muscle, nervous, epithelial 3. What are the two types of nervous tissue cells? Neurons, glial 4. What are the 3 types of muscle tissue called? Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

OPENING ASSIGNMENT 1. What are the four types of human body tissue? 2. How are Epithelial cells classified?

CHAPTER 5 LEARNING GOALS Students will be able to 1. List the 4 major tissue types and explain where they are found in the human body. (5.1) 2. Describe the characteristics of Epithelial tissue. (5.2) 3. List the types of Connective tissues, the general cellular components, and the function of each type. (5.3) 4. Differentiate between the three types of Muscle tissues (5.4) 5. Describe the structure and function of nervous tissue. (5.5) 6. Describe the four types of membranes (5.6)

INTRODUCTION TO TISSUES 5.1  Tissues: similar cells specialized to carry on a particular function.  Extracellular matrix: the nonliving portion that surrounds the tissue and helps with support, transmitting signals, and cell function.

From Cells to Organ Systems Cells combine to form tissues, and tissues combine to form organs Cells combine to form four primary tissues –Epithelial tissue –Connective tissue –Muscle tissue –Nervous tissue

Four Tissue Types: Epithelial Tissue Function: Form protective coverings and function in secretion, excretion and absorption. Location: Found throughout the body as skin, covering organs, and lining body cavities and hollow organs.

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues 1. Found throughout the body 2. Always have a free surface 3. Anchored to underlying connective tissue by non-living basement membrane 4. Lack blood vessels (diffusion) 5. Cells readily divide (heal quickly) 6. Tightly packed – protective 7. Classified by shape and # layers

Function: Bind structures together, Support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce red blood cells Location: Found throughout the body Characteristics: good blood supply, cells are farther apart with an extracellular matrix between them. content/uploads/2010/08/red-blood- cells.jpg Four Tissue Types: Connective Tissue

Function: MOVEMENT Location: attached to bones, Characteristics: contract in response to specific stimuli, resulting in body movements, movement of substances through the body, and the heartbeat. NvHCnIBuDI/AAAAAAAAAQs/0X6MaLP_d YE/s1600/cardiac_muscle.jpg Four Tissue Types: Muscle Tissue

Function: transmits impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception Location: Found in the brain, spinal cord, and all peripheral nerves. Characteristics: nervous tissue cells connect to each other and other body parts. neuron.jpg Four Tissue Types: Nervous Tissue

EPITHELIAL TISSUES 5.2 Basement membrane: the underside of epithelial tissue is anchored to connective tissue by a thin, nonliving layer called a basement membrane which is part of the extracellular matrix. The epithelial tissue lacks a direct blood supply so to get the nutrients it needs to survive it relies on the connective tissue below. Diffusion happens across the basement membrane which separates the two types of tissue.

CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS Epithelial cells are classified based on two different physical characteristics: shape and number of layers.

3 BASIC SHAPES: Squamous – flat and scale-like Cuboidal – shaped like a cube Columnar – taller than wide

Number of layers: Simple: one layer thick Stratified: two or more layers (like the ‘strata’ or layers of the Earth)

Simple squamous Function: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, covers surface. Location: Alveoli, walls of capillaries, lining blood & lymph vessels, covering membranes that line body cavities.

Simple cuboidal Function: secretion and absorption Location: Covers ovaries, lines most kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands, thyroid gland, pancreas and liver.

Simple columnar Function: secretion, absorption, & protection Location: Ciliated – in uterine tubes; non-ciliated – uterus and most organs of the digestive tract, including the stomach and small and large intestines; have goblet cells.

Pseudostratified columnar Pseudostratified means that these cells appear stratified or layered but they are not. Function: protection, secretion, movement of mucus Location: Commonly have cilia and goblet cells (cells that secrete mucus); found in passages of the respiratory system, where particles are trapped in mucus and cilia sweep them up and out!

Stratified squamous Function: protection Location: Keratinized forms the skin; non-keratinized lines the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina and anal canal. Keratin is a protein that accumulates on certain types of tissue as they age. It causes the tissue to become hard and more waterproof than they originally were.

Simple cuboidal Stratified cuboidal Function: protection Location: in larger ducts of mammary glands, sweat gland salivary glands, and pancreas. Stratified cuboidal

Stratified Columnar Function: protection, secretion Location: Found in the male urethra and vas deferens, and in parts of the pharynx.

Transitional Function: distensability (able to be stretched), protection Location: Forms the inner lining of the urinary bladder, and lines the ureters and part of the urethra.

GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM Function: secretion Location: Salivary glands, sweat glands, endocrine glands. 2 types of glands endocrine – secrete into tissue fluid or blood exocrine – secrete products that open onto surfaces

LET’S REVIEW 1. What is the purpose of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue? 2. Simple means: 3. Stratified means: 4. Squamous is shaped Cuboidal is shaped Columnar is shaped 7. Pseudostratified means  Then Epithelial tissue review: Epithelial Tissue: Crash Course 

WHAT TYPE OF TISSUE IS THIS?

Simple Squamous Epithelium

WHAT TYPE OF TISSUE IS THIS?

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

WHAT TYPE OF TISSUE IS THIS?

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

WHAT TYPE OF TISSUE IS THIS?

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

WHAT TYPE OF TISSUE IS THIS?

Nervous tissue

OPENING ASSIGNMENT 1. What are the 3 shapes of epithelial cells? 2. Describe a simple cuboidal epithelium tissue. 3. Where do you find simple squamous epithelial tissue?

Epithelial Tissues Laboratory Please examine the following epithelial tissues and be able to name each tissue by group and complete name, as well as identify the special features, state a typical location, and give a general function for each tissue. DRAW what you see in the microscope!! 1.Stratified squamous 2.Pseudostratified Columnar with No Cilia 3.Simple Columnar 4.Pseudostratified ciliated columnar 5.Transitional

AGENDA FOR 2 ND HOUR  Work on connective tissue worksheet – due at the beginning of class on Monday.

OPENING ASSIGNMENT LABEL THE TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE A.B. C. D. E.F.G.

CONNECTIVE TISSUES  Reminder of your Learning Goals for this section:  List the types of Connective tissues, the general cellular components, and the function of each type. (5.3)

HOW ARE CONNECTIVE TISSUES RELATED TO EPITHELIAL TISSUE?  Remember that Epithelial Tissue lacks blood vessels so the living tissue relies on the basement membrane underneath and the connective tissue below it to get the nutrients it needs.

HOW ARE CONNECTIVE TISSUES DIFFERENT THAN EPITHELIAL TISSUE?  Connective tissues function to bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, and produce blood cells. (on 1 st worksheet)  They have a good blood supply, cells are farther apart, with lots of extracellular matrix between them, and some are rigid (bone and cartilage)

Binds the cells and organs of the body together –All connective tissues consist of two basic components: cells and extracellular tissue fibers Two types of connective tissue are: –Connective tissue proper - loose, adipose, and dense –Specialized connective tissue – cartilage, bone, and blood Connective Tissue

Fibroblasts – produce fibers Macrophages – WBC’s that carry on phagocytosis (eating cellular debris) Cell Types

Mast cells – secrete heparin and histamine. Play a big role in treating inflammation. Cell Types

Collagenous –contain protein collagen; provide good tensile strength (resist pulling force) Elastic – contain protein elastin; stretch easily Tissue Fibers

Reticular – very thin collagenous fibers; lend delicate support Tissue Fibers lymph node tissue

CATEGORIES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Connective Tissue proper: loose, adipose, and dense Specialized connective tissue: cartilage, blood, and bone,

Loose connective tissue Function: Binds organs together, holds tissue fluids Location: beneath skin, between muscles, beneath epithelial tissues Connective Tissue Proper

Adipose tissue Function: protects, insulates, stores fats Location: beneath skin, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, on surface of heart Connective Tissue Proper

Dense connective tissue Function: Binds organs together Location: tendons, ligaments, deeper layers of skin Connective Tissue Proper

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

Specialized Connective Tissue Specialized connective tissues function to help maintain homeostasis in the body. 3 Types of Specialized Connective tissue: Cartilage Bone Blood Cartilage - consists of 3 types; hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage Consists of specialized cells (chondrocytes) embedded in a matrix of extracellular fibers and other extracellular material

Hyaline Cartilage connective tissue Function: Supports, protects, provides framework Location: Nose, ends of bones, rings in the walls of respiratory passages. Cartilage Specialized Connective Tissue

Elastic Cartilage connective tissue Function: Supports, protects, provides flexible framework Location: Framework of external ear and part of larynx. Specialized Connective Tissue

Fibrocartilage connective tissue Function: Supports, protects, absorbs shock Location: Between bony parts of spinal column, parts of pelvic girdle, and knee. Specialized Connective Tissue

Bone tissue - Consists of bone cells (osteocytes) and a calcified cartilage matrix Function: Supports, protects, provides framework Location: Bones of skeleton Two types of bone tissue exist: spongy and compact Specialized Connective Tissue

Blood tissue - Contains blood cells, platelets, plasma Function: Transports substances, helps maintain stable environment Location: Throughout body within the closed system of heart and blood vessels. Specialized Connective Tissue

CONNECTIVE TISSUE  Let’s practice identifying them... A. B.C, D. E. F.

CRASH COURSE – CONNECTIVE TISSUE

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE 3 TYPES OF CELLS IN CONNECTIVE TISSUES MACROPHAGES: FIBROBLASTS: MAST CELLS: Opening Assignment

CONNECTIVE TISSUE  Let’s practice identifying them... A. B.C, D. E. F.

TODAY’S AGENDA  Complete the last tissue chart worksheet on muscle tissues, nervous tissue and membranes in the human body. All 3 tissue chart worksheets will be due on Chapter 5 test day, next Friday.

OPENING ASSIGNMENT COPY THE QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 1. What are the three types of muscle tissue? 2. What is the function of muscle tissue? 3. Nervous tissue is made of what two types of cells? 4. What is the main function of nervous tissue?

REMINDER OF CHAPTER 5 SECTIONS 5.4, 5.5, AND 5.6 LEARNING GOALS Students will be able to 1. Differentiate between the three types of Muscle tissues (5.4) 2. Describe the structure and function of nervous tissue. (5.5) 3. Describe the four types of membranes (5.6)

5.4 MUSCLE TISSUES  The main function of muscle tissue is to be able to contract in response to specific stimuli. When muscle fibers contract they shorten, pulling on the attached ends. This process allows for MOVEMENT.  The human body has 3 different types of muscle tissue – skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

SKELETAL MUSCLE (STRIATED)  The cells of skeletal muscle tissue have alternating light and dark cross markings, called striations. Each cell has MANY nuclei.  Function: voluntary movements of skeletal parts like the head, trunk, and limbs. This contraction is stimulated by the nervous system impulse.  Location: Muscles that are attached to bones.

SMOOTH MUSCLE (NOT STRIATED)  The cells of smooth muscles are shorter and spindle shaped with a single nuclei in each cell.  Function: Involuntary movements of internal organs.  Location: Walls of hollow organs Muscles that are attached to bones.

CARDIAC MUSCLE (STRIATED)  Cardiac tissue is ONLY found in the heart. It’s cells are striated and branched with a single nuclei in each cell and connected to other cells using an intercalated disc.  Function: heart movements  Location: heart muscle

5.5 NERVOUS TISSUE  The nervous system tissue is composed of two basic types of cells; neurons and neuroglial cells.  Function: sensory reception and conduction of nerve impulses (information)  Location: brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

NERVOUS TISSUE CELLS  Neurons: sense certain types of changes in their surroundings and transmit impulses to other neurons or to muscles or glands for a response.  Neuroglial cells: support and bind the components of nervous tissue, carry on phagocytosis, and help supply nutrients to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels.

5.6 TYPES OF MEMBRANES  Remember that two or more types of tissues grouped together and performing a specialized function create an organ.  3 Types of Epithelial membranes – composed of the epithelial tissue and it’s underlying connective tissue are Serous, Mucous, and Cutaneous.

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES: SEROUS  Serous: consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium and a layer of loose connective tissue.  Function: secrete a watery serous fluid that lubricates membrane surfaces.  Location: Line body cavities that lack an opening to the outside.

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES: MUCOUS  Mucous: consists of different types of epithelial tissue that contain Goblet cells (secrete mucus) with loose connective tissue below.  Function: secrete mucus to lubricate movement of substances.  Location: Line cavities and tubes that open to the outside.

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES: CUTANEOUS  Cutaneous: consists of loose connective and adipose tissue  Function: insulates, and contains major blood vessels to supply the skin and underlying adipose tissue  Location: beneath the dermal layer of the skin

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE  Synovial: consists of different types of connective tissues.  Function: secrete synovial fluid to lubricate joints.  Location: Line joints.

PRACTICE #1 What type of tissue is this?

PRACTICE #2 What type of tissue is this?

PRACTICE #3 What type of tissue is this?

PRACTICE #4 What type of tissue is this?

ANSWERS 1. Nervous tissue 2. Skeletal Muscle 3. Smooth Muscle 4. Cardiac Muscle