Aim #28: Why did America enter into a period of social reform during the early 1800s? DO NOW! 1. From your “party” yesterday, who were the 2 most interesting people you met? Why? 2. Read and answer questions on your handout (either temperance or education)
The Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening “Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Temperance Asylum & Penal Reform Education Women’s Rights Abolitionism
Question: What is the general message in both of these cartoons?
Temperance Movement Frances Willard The Beecher Family Their FAMILY FEUD photo? American Temperance Society “Demon Rum”!
( I) Temperance = Movement Against Alcohol a.Religious based Social Reform Movement 1.(1826) Evangelical Protestants created the American Temperance Society (sign a pledge not to drink) b. Lyman Beecher: condemned all alcohol use c. Domestic violence, crime, poverty caused by alcoholism d. Drinking was especially a problem for Women- husband abuse them, and kids, and drink the money. e. Neal Dow: “Father of Prohibition” f. (1878) Women’s Christian Temperance Union g. (1880s) Anti-Saloon League h. Eventually, under Progressives, will lead to prohibition of alcohol through 18 th Amendment to the Constitution (repealed by 21 st )
(II) Asylum and Prison Reforms a. Dorothea Dix campaigned for better treatment of the mentally ill in insane asylums b. problem: mentally ill and criminals kept in terrible conditions 1. Her efforts resulted in improved conditions and promoted the concept that “demented” were not willfully perverse, but mentally ill c. Rehabilitation is the key 1. Asylum=mental health 2. Prison= criminals
Dorothea Dix Asylum Looks like where Mrs. O’Malia will be going on May 6, 2016
(III) Educational Reform a.Horace Mann “Father of American Education” 1.Restore equality to society 2.Bring children of all classes together in a common learning experience 3. Equip less fortunate to advance (education a great equalizer) b. By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. c. US had one of the highest literacy rates. d. Noah Webster created improved textbooks and dictionary which helped standardize the American language e. McGuffrey: published grade level “McGuffrey’s Readers” (lessons in morality, patriotism and idealism) f. widespread change DID NOT come from this movement.
“Father of American Education” Horace Mann ( ) children should be “molded” into a state of perfection discouraged corporal punishment established state teacher- training programs
Women Educators Troy, NY Female Seminary curriculum: math, physics, history, geography. train female teachers Emma Willard ( ) Mary Lyons ( ) 1837 Lyons established Mt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women.
The McGuffey Eclectic Readers Used religious parables to teach “American values.” Teach middle class morality and respect for order “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)
(IV) Abolitionists a. most well-known reform group b. The American Colonization Society established in Had a goal of supporting the new colony of Liberia in Africa, where freed slaves could go to live 2. Their objective was to end slavery and then get Black people out of the USA (called “Back to Africa” movement) c. (1833) American Antislavery Society: formed by William Lloyd Garrison 1.newspaper: The Liberator d. Fugitive slaves played important role: Frederick Douglass (The North Star); Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth
The Liberator Premiere issue January 1, 1831
Other White Abolitionists Lewis Tappan Arthur Tappan James Birney eLiberty Party. eRan for President in 1840 & 1844.
Harriet Tubman ( ) eHelped over 300 slaves to freedom. e$40,000 bounty on her head. eServed as a Union spy during the Civil War. “Moses”
The Underground Railroad
e“Conductor” ==== leader of the escape e“Passengers” ==== escaping slaves e“Tracks” ==== routes e“Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves e“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep
Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground Railroad