Agricultural Revolution: new innovations in the production of food: crop rotation fed city-dwellers the “enclosure movement” forced poor farmers off their land Population: England’s population swelled; more people = specialization of labor (you can do other things besides farming!) more reliable food supplies and resistance to disease higher percentage of children led to child labor

BRITAIN’S ADVANTAGES Natural resources: water; coal; iron ore; rivers Investment in new inventions Stable gov’t Banking system Peace Factors of production: land, labor, capital (wealth)

IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY Textiles: wool, linen, cotton turned into clothing Major Inventions: John Kay: flying shuttle James Hargreaves: spinning jenny Richard Arkwright: water frame Samuel Crompton: spinning mule Ed Cartwright: power loom Machines set up in factories: large buildings

Steam Engine: 1765 James Watt Used to propel boats and locomotives

More Innovations Canals and steam engines on boats New roads Railroads– the most important transportation innovation of the Industrial Age

The Factory Location of machines Near water at first, then moved to cities

Life During the Industrial Revolution

Growth of Cities Urbanization: city building and the movement of people to cities Where were factories built?

Living Conditions Cities lacked… –Plans (unpaved streets) –Sanitary codes (no drains, garbage in streets) –Adequate housing –Education –Police protection Average life expectancy in Liverpool, England (1842) –Gentleman: 42 years –Tradesman: 22 years –Industrial worker: 15 years

Working Conditions 14 hours/day (6 or 7 a.m. to 8 p.m.) ½ hour for lunch and 1 hour for dinner 6 days/week Dark, dirty factories No safety regulations (injuries, black lung) Luddites (1811) Child labor: –Same long hours –Abuse –Injuries Factory Act 1819

Impact of the Industrial Revolution

Environmental Impact Air pollution Toxic waste dumping into river

' New Industrial Cities - poor were crammed into small cheap houses - air pollution, dirty streets, contaminated water were problems ' Rural Environments - landscapes of industrialized countries were transformed - deforestation, canals, and railroads made the biggest impact

Positive Impact Created jobs Contributed to the wealth of the nation Fostered technological progress and invention Increased production Raised standard of living Healthier diets Better housing Cheaper clothing

Class Divisions Lower class: workers “THE BOURGEOISIE” Middle class: factory overseers, skilled workers Upper middle class: government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers of factories, mines, shops Upper class: –“New money”: factory owners, merchants, investment bankers –“Old money”: landowners, aristocrats

WHICH IDEAS HELPED THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

CAPITALISM Economic system that helped the Industrial Revolution; on the side of business

Adam Smith believed in laissez- faire policies: No gov’t interference w/ business Free Market: Supply and demand; no regulation– the buyers and sellers determine prices Smith’s ideas were foundation of Capitalism ADAM SMITH

The Characteristics of Capitalism Self-interest will drive the market Market- place where goods/services are bought or sold Private ownership of property Free enterprise: you can start a business or buy and sell anything you want to! Competition among businesses Freedom of choice Possibility to make profits

Capitalism in the U.S.A. The American Ideals: Each person knows what is best for him/her Right of all persons to own private property Economic freedom is part of political freedom The U.S. has a mixed-market economy: free-enterprise combined with some gov’t intervention

RESPONSES TO CAPITALISM AND INDUSTRIALIZATION JEREMY BENTHAM- Utilitarianism Goal of society should be the greatest good for greatest number Gov’t involvement in society JOHN STUART MILL- Gov’t should help lives of working class Robert Owen- Utopian Socialist Established community where work shared and property owned by all

Economic and Social Systems that developed as a response to Capitalism and the effects of the Industrial Revolution: SOCIALISM COMMUNISM

Socialism (a response to Capitalism) Three Goals: 1.To distribute wealth and economic opportunities equally among people 2.Government controls some (but not all) major decisions about production 3.Public ownership of land, factories, etc. --meaning, the gov’t has a say in most economic aspects “for the good of the people.”

Statue of Marx and Engels- Berlin, Germany

Communism Karl Marx: “Workers of the world, unite!” Class struggles b/t the “haves” (bourgeoisie)& the “have-nots” (proletariat) Bourgeoisie (owners) exploit the Proletariat (workers) Workers will overthrow capitalists (factory owners) in revolution Marxism (same as communism) Communism is one class in society-- no rich or poor; communal ownership of property, no “gov’t” Command economy: state owns land, natural resources, industry, banks, media, etc. Gov’t controls decisions about economy No private property Who’s in control? Dictatorship of the Proletariat

Capitalism vs. Marxism (pg. 270) Capitalist Ideas:  Progress results when people follow own self-interest  Businesses follow self-interest thru competition w/ other businesses for $$$  Each producer provides goods that are better and cheaper than the competition  Consumers compete to purchase best goods at lowest prices  Market economy aims to produce best products & lowest prices  Government should not interfere w/ the economy Marxist Ideas: oGreat movements in history result from an economic class struggle oThe “haves” (rich factory owners) take advantage of the “have-nots” (workers) oThe Industrial Revolution intensified the class struggle oWorkers are exploited by owners oLabor of workers creates profits for employers oThe capitalist system will eventually destroy itself. The state (gov’t) will wither away as a classless society develops

The Political Spectrum

CHANGING SOCIETY Reform Movements

Unionization for factory workers: Long hours, dangerous conditions, no benefits, no job security Goals: Raising wages & improving working conditions Collective Bargaining: Negotiations b/t workers & employers Strike: if demands for better conditions/pay were refused, workers would strike

Factory Act of 1833: Child Labor Illegal to hire kids under yr olds couldn’t work over 8 hrs/day no more than 12 hrs 1842 Mines Act: no children or women in mines 1847 Ten Hours Act of 1847: 10 hr work day

Slave trade ended in British empire in 1807 Slavery in the empire ended in 1833 Slavery in the U.S. ended in 1865 Move from slave labor to cheap labor: what is the major difference?

Movements in public education Suffrage: in Britain, only people who owned land could vote– not a true democracy! Worker’s Suffrage: right of all men to vote; achieved in early 1900s WOMEN’S MOVEMENT Mid-1800s formed unions Rallied for the abolition of slavery By 1890, protested unfair laws and customs Women’s suffrage not achieved in U.S. or Britain until after World War I