Just as influential as Martin Luther Institutes of the Christian Religion Sinful by nature “The elect” are God’s chosen
God chooses very few to be saved Predestination – God has known since beginning who He was going to save Calvinism = based on Calvin’s teachings
Ideal government = theocracy Calvin ran city ◦ Strict rules ◦ Had to attend religion class ◦ No bright clothing ◦ No card games ◦ Could be banned if you didn’t follow rules
Calvin was his inspiration Presbyterians Scottish Became Scotland’s official religion
Calvin’s followers in France Catholics and Huguenots = violence St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre ◦ 8/24/1572 ◦ Catholics hunted Huguenots ◦ 12,000 Huguenots killed
April 1598 – King Henry IV of France Gave civil rights to French Calvinists ◦ Gave protection to French Protestants escaping Inquisition ◦ Granted them safe havens where they could practice religion freely ◦ Could worship in certain areas ◦ Tithe – had to pay a land tax
Maintain Catholic orthodoxy in Spanish kingdoms Jews and Muslims had to convert or leave Spain Trials did take place against Protestants Acts of torture ◦ Garrucha ◦ Toca
Only those old enough to decide to be Christian should be baptized Persecuted by Catholics and Protestants for being too radical Influenced Quakers and Baptists
Marguerite of Navarre ◦ Protected John Calvin Katherina von Bora ◦ Martin Luther’s wife ◦ Argued for women’s equal rights in marriage
Catholics realized that they needed to reform itself in response to Protestant Reformation
Had to meditate, pray, study “Exercise the soul”
Followers of Ignatius; founded in 1540 ◦ Founded superb schools in Europe ◦ Convert non-Christians to Catholicism – several missionaries ◦ Stop Protestantism from spreading
Directed council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses Approved Jesuit order Used Inquisition to seek out and punish heresy in papal territory Decided to call council in Trent
4 decisions made: ◦ Church’s interpretation of Bible was final ◦ Christian need faith and good works for salvation ◦ Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life ◦ Indulgences were valid expressions of faith – but NOT false sellling
Carried out decisions of Council of Trent Index of Forbidden Books
How would you characterize the overall legacy of the Reformation??
Protestant churches flourished Religion no longer united Europe Individual monarchs gained power Paved way for nation-states and modern world