Argumentation The act or process of giving reasons for or against something. The act or process of making and presenting arguments.  MAKING A CLAIM  CHALLENGING ANOTHER’S CLAIM  BACKING UP A CLAIM  REBUTTING A CLAIM

Argumentation Writing Sets out to change the reader’s point of view Encourages action on a particular issue Convinces the reader to accept the writer’s explanation of concepts, issues, and problems. Builds proof using reasoned, logical presentation of information with evidence and statistics.

Issue  An important topic or problem UNIFORMS TEXTING WHILE DRIVING ANIMAL TESTING VIOLENT VIDEO GAMES DRIVING AGE CLIMATE CHANGE

Topic Selection  Must be a debatable issue  Must be two or more views on the same issue  PRO  CON

Point of View  Opinion or belief that someone holds about an issue.  PRO  CON

Rhetoric/Rhetorical Argument  The art of communication that is effective and organized.  The affect of text/words on audiences.  The art of persuasion.  What is a Rhetorical Argument? A Rhetorical Argument is basically a persuasive argument that uses one or a combination of its three distinct "appeals": Ethos, Pathos, and Logos. In general, a Rhetorical Argument may make use of one or a combination of any of the appeals.

Ethos, Logos, Pathos 

Credible Source  A source (article, primary source, book, website, reference materials) that provides accurate and reliable information. PROBABLY NOT THE MOST RELIABLE.

Relevant Evidence  Information supporting and refuting the arguments.  One must have relevant evidence from credible sources to support the claim. 1.examine data 2.ask questions based on data 3.reexamine data 4.try to answer the questions 5.qualified data that supports our answer = EVIDENCE!

Claim  A statement essentially arguable, but used as a primary point to support or prove an argument is called a claim. argument  If somebody gives an argument to support their position, it is called making a claim.  A claim consists of:  Topic + Position/Belief = CLAIM

Arguments/Reasons/Grounds  The main facts that will be used to support the claim.  Reasons are attached to claim to form a thesis in the essay. FYI: These reasons form the topic sentences of your body paragraphs in an argument essay.

Warrants (also referred to as bridge)  A warrant is how or why the data supports the claim, the underlying theory that connects your data to your claim.

Backing (also referred to as foundation)  Additional logic or reasoning that may be necessary to support the warrant.  Elaborate and/or explanation as to how the warrant supports the reason in the claim.

Counterclaims/Counterarguments  The opposing argument/side.  Acknowledge alternate claims/perspectives without undermining your argument.  Shows credibility, knowledge of both sides

Refute/Rebut  To prove an argument is wrong.  Must be supported with evidence.  Evidence that negates or disagrees with the counterclaim.