Harry Harlow And Abraham Maslow Chapter 6: Motivation Harry Harlow And Abraham Maslow

Harry Harlow – U. of Wisconsin Disagrees with Hull: hates Drive Reduction Attachment The development of an emotional bond between child and parent/caregiver

Harry Harlow – Studied Development of Attachments • Harlow wished to study attachment under controlled, experimental questions. • Which is more important in the development of attachments? – Physical nurturing (e.g. feeding the baby)? Would prove Drive Reduction correct! – Emotional nurturing (tender loving care)? Disproves Drive Reduction.

Attachment In Humans • Gradual process that takes place over months • Depends on good, consistent parenting • Signs of secure attachment (Ainsworth): At 6-7 months shows separation anxiety; stranger anxiety 2. Happy greeting when parents return 3. Uses parent/caregiver as a base to explore environment • Insecurely attached infants show more anxious/ ambivalent or avoidant/detached reactions to parents • Type of early attachment correlates with adult attachments & ability to be in committed relationships • Characteristics of both baby & caregiver affect ease of attachment process

Contact comfort from terry cloth mother, more important than food or water!

Social Motives Need for Achievement Fear of Success McClelland: (TAT) Thematic Apperception Test: make up a story based on you story you are then scored for achievement Fear of Success Matina Horner Men want success, women fear success, fear to be success in certain careers is odd and unfeminine.

Other Theories JW Atkinson: expectancy-value: estimated likely hood of success and what it is worth to you Competency Theory: we learn from hard tasks

Motivation Internal Sources External Sources Biological Needs: Incentives: Any external motivating stimulus, such as A state of physical deprivation that causes an imbalance within the body (e.g., body temperature, blood sugar, water content).

Motivation Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation Social Motive: Incentives: Any external motivating stimulus, such as A type of motivation acquired through experience and interaction with other people; becomes part of your personality.

Abraham Maslow was an American behavioral psychologist who worked both in academia and industry.  He published a number of Human Relations books until the early '70's, but it was his first book, "Motivation and Personality", published in 1943, that set out his idea of the hierarchy of human needs.

THE HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Maslow argued that the factors that drive or motivate people to act lie on an ascending scale.  Once a group or order of needs is satisfied, the individual will not be motivated by more of the same, but will seek to satisfy higher order needs.  What's more, a higher order need will not be a motivator if lower order needs remain unmet.  Maslow defined five orders of needs, listed in ascending importance:

The fourth level is the esteem needs The fourth level is the esteem needs. This group of needs requires both recognition from other people that results in feelings of prestige, acceptance, and status, and self-esteem that results in feelings of adequacy, competence, and confidence. Lack of satisfaction of the esteem needs results in discouragement and feelings of inferiority. Finally, self-actualization sits at the apex of the original pyramid. Self-actualization is the instinctual need of humans to make the most of their abilities and to strive to be the best they can. Self Actualization is the intrinsic growth of what is already in the organism, or more accurately, of what the organism is.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied then higher-level safety needs become active then psychological needs become active Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst