 Make a list of 10 actions you have taken in the past two days.

 Label each one as created by either a biological or psychological need

 Make a list of 10 actions you have taken in the past two days.  Label each one as created by either a biological or psychological need  What were the motivations for those actions?

 Motives › Stimulus that moves us toward a specific goal

 Motives › Stimulus that moves us toward a specific goal  Needs › Absolute necessities

 Motives › Stimulus that moves us toward a specific goal  Needs › Absolute necessities  Drives › Motivate us to take action

 Biological › Examples…

 Biological › Examples… › Necessary for survival

 Biological › Examples… › Necessary for survival › Based on deprivation

 Biological › Examples… › Necessary for survival › Based on deprivation › Inborn

 Biological › Examples… › Necessary for survival › Based on deprivation › Inborn  Psychological › Examples…

 Biological › Examples… › Necessary for survival › Based on deprivation › Inborn  Psychological › Examples… › Not survival-based

 Biological › Examples… › Necessary for survival › Based on deprivation › Inborn  Psychological › Examples… › Not survival-based › Can be learned

 What role does the Hypothalamus play?  Why do we overdo things?

 Instinct Theory › Inborn › “Fixed-Action Patterns” › William James

 Drive-Reduction Theory › Clark Hull › Homeostasis

 SocioCultural Theory › Just what you think it means

 Humanistic Theory › Quest for fulfillment › Self-Actualization › What about obstacles? › Abraham Maslow

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

PHYSIOLOGICAL – food, water, rest, shelter

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs SAFETY – protection, security, stability PHYSIOLOGICAL – food, water, rest, shelter

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs LOVE – love, acceptance, belonging SAFETY – protection, security, stability PHYSIOLOGICAL – food, water, rest, shelter

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ESTEEM – achievement, competence, recognition, respect LOVE – love, acceptance, belonging SAFETY – protection, security, stability PHYSIOLOGICAL – food, water, rest, shelter

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs SELF-ACTUALIZATION – fulfillment of potential ESTEEM – achievement, competence, recognition, respect LOVE – love, acceptance, belonging SAFETY – protection, security, stability PHYSIOLOGICAL – food, water, rest, shelter

 Sensory Stimulation

› What happens when we are deprived?

 Sensory Stimulation  Activity

 Sensory Stimulation  Activity  Exploration

 Sensory Stimulation  Activity  Exploration & Manipulation

 Sensory Stimulation  Activity  Exploration & Manipulation  Achievement Motivation

 Sensory Stimulation  Activity  Exploration & Manipulation  Achievement Motivation › Extrinsic…

 Sensory Stimulation  Activity  Exploration & Manipulation  Achievement Motivation › Extrinsic or Intrinsic

 How can we increase response?

 Project?

 Cognitive Consistency › Affiliation

 Cognitive Consistency › Affiliation  Balance Theory

 Cognitive Consistency › Affiliation  Balance Theory  Cognitive-Dissonance Theory

 What are they? › States of feeling

 What are they? › …and what aren’t they?

 What are they? › …and what aren’t they?

List the 5 emotions you feel most often, and the 5 you feel least often.

 Aristotle › AngerShame › MildnessShamelessness › LoveBenevolence › EnvyPity › EnmityIndignation › FearEmulation › ConfidenceContempt

 Ancient Chinese theory › Happiness › Anger › Sorrow › Fear

 Ancient Chinese theory › Happiness › Anger › Sorrow › Fear  All are inborn

 John B. Watson › Fear › Rage › Love

 John B. Watson › Fear › Rage › Love  William James › Everything we do is designed to gain happiness.

 Are they…

› Biological ?

 Are they… › Biological ? › Cognitive ?

 Are they… › Biological ? › Cognitive ? › Behavioral ?

 Are they… › Biological ? › Cognitive ? › Behavioral ?  What is the relationship?

 Opponent-Process Model

› Emotions are followed by their opposites

 Commonsense Approach

› Thoughts lead to Feelings

 James-Lange Theory

› Behavior causes Emotion

 James-Lange Theory › Behavior causes Emotion › Changing our Behavior changes the Emotion

 James-Lange Theory › Behavior causes Emotion › Changing our Behavior changes the Emotion › Ignores Cognition, Values, Choices

 Cannon-Bard Theory

› The Brain causes both Physical and Emotional reactions

 Cannon-Bard Theory › The Brain causes both Physical and Emotional reactions › Emotions are caused by external stimuli

 Theory of Cognitive Appraisal

› Emotions come from Situational Analysis and the Reactions of Others.

 Do Emotions Evolve?

› Adaptation

 Do Emotions Evolve? › Adaptation › The Role of Play

 Do Emotions Evolve? › Adaptation › The Role of Play › The Role of Fear

 How do we know what emotions someone is feeling ?

 Can we “fake” them ?

 How do we know what emotions someone is feeling ?  Can we “fake” them ?  What if certain emotions linger ?

 How do we know what emotions someone is feeling ?  Can we “fake” them ?  What if certain emotions linger ?  What if a person had no emotions ?

 Are emotions universal ? › Margaret Mead says, “No” › Other studies say, “Yes”

 Are emotions universal ? › Margaret Mead says, “No” › Other studies say, “Yes”  Are happiness surveys objective ? › [ Reliability – Validity measures ]

 Are emotions universal ? › Margaret Mead says, “No” › Other studies say, “Yes”  Are happiness surveys objective ? › [ Reliability – Validity measures ]  How about the experiment where moms say their 3-month-old is: › Curious (99%) – Joyful (95%) – Angry (84%) › Surprised (74%) – Fearful (58%)

 Can we choose our emotions?

 How do we deal with anger ?

 Can we choose our emotions?  How do we deal with anger ? › Control or Outburst  What is more effective ?