V. Machines (A,B,C,J) Dennis Buckmaster OUTLINE Internal combustion engines Hydraulic power circuits Mechanical power transmission

References Engineering Principles of Agricultural Machinery, 2 nd ed Srivastava, Goering, Rohrbach, Buckmaster. ASABE. Off-Road Vehicle Engineering Principles Goering, Stone, Smith, Turnquist. ASABE.

Other good sources Fluid Power Circuits and Controls: Fundamentals and Applications Cundiff. CRC Press. Machine Design for Mobile and Industrial Applications Krutz, Schueller, Claar. SAE.

Free & Online resources/ebooks ASABE members can access ASABE texts & Standards electronically at:

Engines Power and Efficiencies Thermodynamics Performance

Engine Power Flows

Power & Efficiencies Fuel equivalent P fe,kW = (Hg kJ/kg ∙ ṁ f,kg/h )/3600 [Hg = 45,000 kJ/kg for No. 2 diesel] Indicated P i,kW = p ime,kPa D e,l N e,rpm / Brake P b,kW = 2πT Nm N e,rpm /60000 Friction P f = P i -P b

Power & Efficiencies Indicated Thermal E it = P i /P fe Mechanical E m = P b /P i Overall (brake thermal) E bt = P b /P fe = E it *E m Brake Specific Fuel Consumption BSFC= ṁ f,kg/h /P b,kW

Dual Cycle 

Related equations Compression ratio = r r = V 1 /V 2 Displacement D e,l = (V 1 -V 2 )*(# cylinders) = π(bore cm ) 2 (stroke cm )*(# cyl)/4000 Ideal gas p 1 V 1 /T 1 = P 2 V 2 /T 2 Polytropic compression or expansion p 2 /p 1 = r n [n = 1 (isothermal) to 1.4 (adiabatic), about 1.3 during compression & power strokes]

Air intake ṁ a,kg/h =.03D e,l N e,rpm ρ a,kg/cu m η v,decimal From Stoichiometry (fuel chemistry) A/F = air to fuel mass ratio = 15:1 for cetane Related equations

What is the displacement of a 6 cylinder engine having a 116 mm bore and 120 mm stroke?

For this same engine (7.6 l displacement, 2200 rpm rated speed), what is the air consumption if it is naturally aspirated and has a volumetric efficiency of 85%? Assume a typical day with air density of 1.15 kg/m 3. With a stoichiometric air to fuel ratio based on cetane, at what rate could fuel theoretically be burned?

Consider the this same (595 Nm, rpm) engine which has a high idle speed of 2400 rpm and a torque reserve of 30%; peak torque occurs at 1300 rpm. Sketch the torque and power curves (versus engine speed). Torque (Nm) Speed (rpm) Power (kW)

Consider the this same (595 Nm, rpm) engine which has a high idle speed of 2400 rpm and a torque reserve of 30%; peak torque occurs at 1300 rpm. Sketch the torque and power curves (versus engine speed). Torque (Nm) Speed (rpm) Power (kW)

Alternative fuels What has to be similar? Self Ignition Temperature Energy density Flow characteristics Stoichiometric A/F ratio

Power Hydraulics Principles Pumps, motors Cylinders Pressure compensated & load sensing systems Electrohydraulics introduction

21 About Pressure 14.7 psia STP (approx __ in Hg) Gage is relative to atmospheric Absolute is what it says … absolute & relative to perfect vacuum What causes oil to enter a pump? Typical pressures: –Pneumatic system –Off-road hydraulic systems

22 Liquids Have no Shape of their own

23 Liquids are Practically Incompressible

Pascal’s Law Pressure Exerted on a Confined Fluid is Transmitted Undiminished in All Directions and Acts With Equal Force on Equal Areas and at Right Angles to Them. 24

Application Principles 1 lb (.45kg) Force 1 sq in (.65cm2) Piston Area 1 psi (6.9kpa) 10 sq in (6.5cm2) Piston Area 10 lbs (4.5kg) 25

26 Hydraulic “lever”

27 Types of Hydraulic Systems Open Center Closed Center The control valve that regulates the flow from the pump determines if system is open or closed. Do not confuse Hydraulics with the “Closed Loop” of the Power Train. (Hydro)

28 Trapped Oil Closed Center HydraulicsOpen Center Flow in Neutral

Extend 29

Retract 30

Neutral Again 31

Pumps

Pump Inefficiency Leakage: you get less flow from a pump than simple theory suggests. –Increases with larger pressure difference Friction: it takes some torque to turn a pump even if there is no pressure rise –Is more of a factor at low pressures

Efficiency of pumps & motors E m – mechanical efficiency < 1 due to friction, flow resistance E v – volumetric efficiency < 1 due to leakage E o =overall efficiency = E m * E v E o = Power out/power in

Speed Flow Q gpm = D cu in/rev N rpm /231

Speed Flow Q gpm = D cu in/rev N rpm /231

Pressure Rise Torque Required T inlb = D cu in/rev ∆P psi /(2π)

Pressure Rise Torque Required T inlb = D cu in/rev ∆P psi /(2π)

Pressure Flow Theoretical pump Effect of leakage Relief valve or pressure compensator

Pressure Flow Constant power curve P hp = P psi Q gpm /1714

1a. If a pump turns at 2000 rpm with a displacement of 3 in 3 /rev, theoretically, how much flow is created? 1b. If the same pump is 95% volumetrically efficient (5% leakage), how much flow is created? Example pump problems

1a. If a pump turns at 2000 rpm with a displacement of 3 in 3 /rev, theoretically, how much flow is created? 1b. If the same pump is 95% volumetrically efficient (5% leakage), how much flow is created? Example pump problems

2a. If 8 gpm is required and the pump is to turn at 1750 rpm, what displacement is theoretically needed? 2b. If the same pump will really be is 90% volumetrically efficient (10% leakage), what is the smallest pump to choose?

Example pump problems 2a. If 8 gpm is required and the pump is to turn at 1750 rpm, what displacement is theoretically needed? 2b. If the same pump will really be is 90% volumetrically efficient (10% leakage), what is the smallest pump to choose?

3a. A 7 in 3 /rev pump is to generate 3000 psi pressure rise; how much torque will it theoretically take to turn the pump? 3b. If the same pump is 91% mechanically efficient (9% friction & drag), how much torque must the prime mover deliver? Example pump problems

3a. A 7 in 3 /rev pump is to generate 3000 psi pressure rise; how much torque will it theoretically take to turn the pump? 3b. If the same pump is 91% mechanically efficient (9% friction & drag), how much torque must the prime mover deliver? Example pump problems

Example motor problem If a motor with 2 in 3 /rev displacement and 90% mechanical and 92% volumetric efficiencies receives 13 gpm at 2000 psi … a. How much fluid power is received? b. What is it’s overall efficiency? c. How fast will it turn? d. How much torque will be generated?

Example motor problem If a motor with 2 in 3 /rev displacement and 90% mechanical and 92% volumetric efficiencies receives 13 gpm at 2000 psi … a. How much fluid power is received? b. What is it’s overall efficiency? c. How fast will it turn? d. How much torque will be generated?

Example motor problem If a motor with 2 in 3 /rev displacement and 90% mechanical and 92% volumetric efficiencies receives 13 gpm at 2000 psi … a. How much fluid power is received? b. What is it’s overall efficiency? c. How fast will it turn? d. How much torque will be generated?

Cylinders Force balance on piston assembly: F external P 1 * A 1 P 2 * A 2

psi system 2” bore cylinder Extends 24 inches in 10 seconds Q: max force generated max work done power used flow required Example cylinder problem

Tractor source with 2500 psi and 13 gpm available Return pressure “tax” of 500 psi Cylinder with 3” bore, 1.5” rod diameters Q1: How much force will the cylinder generate? Q2: How long will it take to extend 12 inches? Example cylinder problem

Pressure builds due to resistance A fixed displacement pump delivering flow with the capability of 3000 psi does not always deliver 3000 psi! How much pressure does a pump deliver? What limits pressure delivered?

Load Sensing Advantage Open Center Pump size & speed sets flow Relief valve sets pressure

Pressure compensated Pump

Pressure Compensated Circuit

Load Sensing Advantage Open Center Pump size & speed sets flow Relief valve sets pressure Closed Center, Pressure Compensated Compensator adjusts displacement & flow Compensator sets pressure

LOAD SENSING CIRCUIT

Load Sensing Advantage Open Center Pump size & speed sets flow Relief valve sets pressure Closed Center, Pressure Compensated Compensator adjusts displacement & flow Compensator sets pressure Load Sensing Compensator adjusts displacement & flow Load sensing compensator sets pressure

HYDRAULIC PLUMBING - - SIZE

Pulse Width Modulation

Spool valve

Typical Valve Performance

Power Transmission

Transmissions transform power a torque for speed tradeoff

Gears

Planetary Gear Sets

Belt & Chain Drives Speed ratio determined by sprocket teeth or belt sheave diameter ratio

FIRST GEAR

First gear speeds … if … Input shaft: 1000 rpm Main countershaft: 1000 (22/61) = 360 rpm Ratio = input speed/output speed = 1000/360 = 2.78 Ratio = output teeth/input teeth = 61/22 = 2.78 Secondary countershaft: 360 rpm (41/42) = 351 rpm Output shaft: 351 rpm (14/45) = 109 rpm RATIO: input speed/output speed = 1000/109 = 9.2 Product of output teeth/input teeth = (61/22)(42/41)(45/14) = 9.2 FIRST GEAR

If rpm drives a pinion gear with 30 teeth and the meshing gear has 90 teeth (assume 98% efficiency)… Q1: What is the speed of the output shaft? Q2: How much power leaves the output shaft? Q3: How much torque leaves the output shaft? Example gear problem

If the sun of a planetary gear set turns at 1000 rpm, what speed of the ring would result in a still planet carrier? Teeth on gears are sun: 20 and ring: 100. Example planetary gear problem

If a belt drive from a 1750 rpm electric motor is to transmit 5 hp to a driven shaft at 500 rpm and the small sheave has a pitch diameter of 4” … Q1: What should the pitch diameter of the other pulley be? Q2: Which shaft gets the small sheave? Q3: How much torque does the driven shaft receive? Example belt problem P hp = T ft-lb N rpm /5252

THE END Skip what follows

Electricity Voltage = Current * Resistance V volts = I amps * R ohms Power = voltage times current P Watts = V volts *I amps V IR

Three Types of Circuits Series Same current, voltage divided v. Parallel Same voltage, current divided Series / Parallel

A 12 V DC solenoid a hydraulic valve has a 5 amp fuse in its circuit. Q1: What resistance would you expect to measure as you troubleshoot its condition? Q2: How much electrical power does it consume? Example 12 V DC problem

Q1: Identify specifications for a relay of a 12 V DC lighting circuit on a mobile machine if the circuit has four 60W lamps. Q2: Would the lamps be wired in series or parallel? Example 12 V DC problem

Good luck on the PE Exam! My address: My web page: Note … ASABE members can access ASABE texts electronically at: