Выполнила Ученица 10 класса МКОУ «Железнодорожненская СОШ» Хайматова Надежда

 Celtic tribes originate from the Danube. It was from a centuries. BC. Celtic began to spread across the continent, and later - on Britain. The name itself comes from the Greek Celts Keltoi - as the ancient Greeks called "barbarians" from central Europe. The arrival of the Celts in Britain began in the 8th century. BC. Russell Island, warlike Celtic tribes occupied the best territory, driving with them and then assimilating much less development of primitive people, of which we know little. Celtic tribes under the leadership of their leaders have divided the island: Brigante - in the north and center, Aisen - in the northeast, Kornova - in the center of England, Cornwall and elsewhere, Scott - in the west of Scotland, Dobun - modern Cotswolds and the valley of the River Severn... Total of Britain and Ireland Russell around 50 Celtic tribes. Celtic society was divided into three classes: the servants know - warriors, druids - judges, teachers, and priests who also came from the nobility, and many actually disenfranchised workers.  The Celts, who moved to Britain, spoke dialects, which later became known as Breton and Gaelic. Breton dialect is the basis of modern Welsh, Cornish and Breton and Gaelic came from Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx languages.

 Celts did not hide behind the shields, armor, no enemy action counted and studied strategy - a coward action, they recognize unworthy. But hours trained, bringing his virtuosity to the fantastic limits. Their techniques differed incredible complexity, and training helps to use at the right time all the reserves of the body, opening a second wind and internal energy. All this is taught in the school of martial skill. There they learned fighting, fighting on poles, spear techniques, rope, jumping, throwing the pole and so on. In short, the Celtic heroes were able to use any object, any weapon to come out the winner. Now such skills can be found only in rare Oriental schools. By the physical development mingled spiritual mood, ability to vent the energy in the battle cry ability to control breathing, which allowed the lead body as it was convenient. They could go into battle almost bare and still won! Benefit from the onslaught and fearlessness that light in his eyes and frightened even persistent Roman legionnaires. It is believed that the combat ecstasy Celts maintained a sometimes using drugs.

 They wore tunics over wide and the first in Europe began to wear pants to somehow cover the body from severe frosts. Heaton was certainly colored, often in bright stripes or a cell, which then caught a long time the Scots. Most of outerwear - most often it served as a cloak - was sewn from wool. Even the women wore woolen dresses that adorned the colorful patterns of gold and colored threads or fringe. Women of the people, too, did not neglect beautiful robes, fastened to the dress flowers or twigs of plants.  Outside the Celts and items of clothing under the coat, and the Celts wore light dresses blouses and shirts. Various items of clothing and men and women bonded brooches. Women were more elegant, sometimes made of bronze or silver, enamel or inlaid with semi-precious and precious stones, the men - of iron. In some of the graves of Celtic women it was found many brooches that adorn the clothing on the body. And they not only clothes pin on his shoulders, and chest. Apart from jewelry brooches women liked the ring of gold, silver and bronze, neck hryvnia necklaces or bracelets on the arms and legs, waist chains and more that would show their status in society.  With regard to the waist chain, they put their women instead of the usual belt, which was also a fixture of Celtic apparel. The men from the common people belting fabric or leather belts, and more noble - sewed belt plaques or precious metals and stones. The soldiers were on a belt loop to attach the sword.

 Art of the Celts from the Hallstatt culture can be traced ( years BC. E.) Is borrowings from the art of the Iberians, Illyrians, Thracians and other tribes with whom the Celts had contacts, as well as ancient Greek art and the art of the Etruscans. The most characteristic of Celtic art is represented by the La Tene culture (V century BC. AD), widespread throughout Central and Western Europe (France, Switzerland, Spain), the Balkans, Asia Minor, the UK and Ireland).  Gold neck-ring in the British Museum  For Celtic works characteristic pattern formed on the metal. Initially the application was carried engraved ornament, it was later made relief images. In the ornament used geometric, vegetable and zoomorphic elements. One of the most developed areas was the production of jewelry, decorated with characteristic patterns.  In sculpture, the Celts great influence of ancient art, but is typical for the Celts coarser execution figures and decoration of glass inserts and semi-precious stones, as well as the use of various enamels and inlays. Statues depicting Celtic deities, heroes and animals and fantastic creatures.  With the I century BC. e. increasing pressure on the Celts from the Roman Empire and the Germanic. In art, there are works of ceramic, glass and bronze. Sculpture and religious architecture acquire the features of Gallo-Roman type.  In the Middle Ages the art of the Celts survived a renaissance: it appealed to the peoples of France, Switzerland, Belgium and part of the UK. In Ireland, VII-IX centuries there was the so- called novokeltsky style.

 Each tribe had its own Celtic gods and mythology proper, although the basis of the religion of the Celts was united. There were common Celtic gods, whose cult spread to large areas. In general the Celtic pantheon worshiped sky god Taranis, patron goddess of horses Epona, the triad of goddesses nurses. Among the major deities belonged Tsernunos - Hes, then fading into the underworld of the dead and then called Tsernunos, returns to earth as Esus. Tsernunos - Hes also symbolized the cycle time year (dead cold winter and summer flowering).  The Celts worshiped the phenomena of nature, rivers, mountains, animals; among them were the gods trilikie deity, the serpent with a ram's head, the little spirits gnomes; In addition, there were many local gods. At the same time the Celts did not depict their deities in human form. When in 278 BC. e. Celtic took the famous Greek sanctuary at Delphi, their leader Brennus was outraged by the human form of the Greek gods. He thought it was blasphemy, as the Celts, deifying the forces of nature, always portrayed them as symbolic signs and figures.  The Celts believed that after the death of "another" world awaits them a new birth, so they lacked the fear of death. Beyond the world of the Celts did not look like a dark and sinister underworld Mediterranean religions, it was a place full of the most desirable for the Celts joys - feasts, fights, raids, hunting, horse racing, stories about the exciting adventures of love beautiful women enjoying the beauty of nature.