Conclusion from part 1 The EU constitutes a group of developed countries. 500 million inhabitants who possess considerable buying power and who on the whole benefit from a strong level of development. The EU space is a space of freedom which renders it attractive. The EU is a political construction which sets standards (human rights, the environment, technology, etc.) carries values, making Europe unique compared to other integrated regions around the world.

II. The EU: a Diverse Territory

Population Density map of Europe A.Europe contains 1 of 3 population centers in world Characteristics: high population density (density fades along margins, concentrated in center) European territory highly developed even in scarcely populated areas – urban planning – Caters to populations that live there

B. Mainly urban population 75% Europeans live in cities Cities characterized by their organization around a historical center – highly symbolic 1st ideas of European unification came from cities Based on networks of human, intellectual, & commercial exchanges

C. Cultural Traits linked to bioclimatic influences

Video: Europe, whenever you’re ready

Climate zones: Mediterranean, oceanic, northern, etc. European continent exceptionally diverse landscapes especially given its small size (10 M km2 including European part of Russia)

Combination of influences and specific cultural traits distinguish various regions within Europe – Mediterranean Europe – Central Europe – Eastern Europe – Northern Europe Northern Mediterranean Eastern Central

Map of European Languages

European Religions map Protestant Catholic Orthodox Muslim

Share of Atheist Population What patterns can you observe? How can you explain these patterns?

Individualist vs. Collectivist Culture Individualist: individual uniqueness and self-determination are valued admire people who are "self-made“ "makes up their own mind“, show initiative or work well independently. Collectivist: expect people to identify with and work well in groups which protect them in exchange for loyalty and compliance.  Which regions in Europe would you expect to be individualist or collectivist?

European map of Individualist vs. Collectivist Culture

III. Disparities and Inequalities of the EU Territories

Uneven wage earnings

Freedom of the Press Which European countries have a good situation/ satisfactory situation/ noticeable problems?

Population Density Population density of the NUTS 2 regions of EU, EFTA and candidate countries, 2007EUEFTA Legend: < 50 Inhabitants per km < 100 Inhabitants per km < 150 Inhabitants per km < 300 Inhabitants per km < 1000 Inhabitants per km 2 > 1000 Inhabitants per km 2 no data available

Urban Populations Core City (urbanized area or urban cluster) of at least 10,000 population, containing a substantial population nucleus and having a high degree of social and economic integration with adjacent communities.

What do you observe about European facebook usage? Is it evenly distributed? How can you explain the pattern?

What do the brightest areas indicate in terms of population density/core & peripheral areas? Satellite view of Europe at night

GDP per capital (in PPP) 2009 Where are the richest and poorest areas in Europe? How can you account for this wealth distribution?

Cities and Major Axes in Europe Major European Metropolis Global city European Megalopolis 1 st European port Major Axis Secondary Axis Describe the following: 1.European megalopolis 2.10 great metropolises which structure the European space 3.Major Communication Axes

European Megalopolis 1. The European megalopolis stretches from London to Milan, including the main European metropolises, organized into a conurbation: London, Birmingham, Manchester, Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Munich, Zurich, Ruhr, Turin, Milan. The backbone is the most populated and wealthy area in Europe, with the Rhine river as a main line. Infrastructures and facilities are highly developed. 2. Although they are located on the margins of the megalopolis, cities like Paris which has the status of a Global city, Berlin, Madrid, Barcelona, Rome, Naples, Athens, Istanbul, are also major European hubs. Secondary European metropolises include Lisbon, Budapest, Vienna, Warsaw, Hamburg. 3. Major communication axes include Rotterdam to Barcelona via Paris, Rotterdam to London, Rotterdam to Milan via Frankfurt

FEDER Regional Subsidies European regional subsidies Wealthy regions receiving the least Poor regions receiving the most

Disparities and Inequalities: Centripetal or Centrifugal forces?

Centripetal Forces: Unity

Centrifugal Forces: Fragmentation

Homework Reading Assignment: Mastering Modern World History Chapter 10: The Two Europes, East and West since 1945, pp The Growth of Unity in Western Europe, p The Early Days of the European Community, p The European Community from 1973 to Maastricht 1991, p Europe since Maastricht, p. 225