Simulation and Analysis of Wireless Mesh Network In Smart Grid / Advanced Metering Infrastructure Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

Outline of the Talk  Introduction  Related work  Real-time Smart Grid Meter Data Collection using Hybrid WiMAX/Wi-Fi Networks  Smart Grid Wireless Infrastructure Planning (SG-WIP) Tool.  Simulation Results of SG-SIM  Lessons Learned  Future Direction  Conclusion Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

Introduction  What is the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)?  The need to collect metering data in real-time Save the material usage for the electric power generation by correctly predict the load demand and build the load profile Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

Wireless Mesh Network for AMI  Low cost installation and maintenance  Can deploy on the large service areas: urban, suburb  Scalable, high performance technologies  Secured standards: IEEE802.16, IEEE s Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Wi-Fi mesh networks with WiMAX backhaulWireless technologies (source: Intel)

CSU AMI Infrastructure Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

Related Work  “Wireless Mesh Networks: A Survey” [AWW05] The author presented many open research issues needed to be solved such as scalability, self-organization and self-configuration, security, network integration. The critical factors influencing protocol design were discussed for improvement objectives.  “The Nominal Capacity of Wireless Mesh Networks” [JS03] The authors shown that for WMNs the throughput of each node decreases as O(1/n), where n is total number of nodes in the network. Moreover, for a given topology and the set of active nodes, the upper bounds on the throughput of any node can be exactly calculated.  “Capacity of Grid-Oriented Wireless Mesh Networks” [ANMK08] The author presented an analytical framework for determining the nominal capacity of multi-radio multi-channel Wireless Mesh Network (WMN). As the research conclusion, the effects of WMN design parameters such as network topology, network size, routing methods, channel assignment schemes etc. are interlinked and a judicious selection is essential to maximize capacity. Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

Related Work (2)  “Architecture and Algorithms for an IEEE based Multi-channel Wireless Mesh Network” [RC05] The author proposed a novel multi-channel WMN architecture that effectively addresses the bandwidth problem by fully exploiting non- overlapped radio channels that the IEEE standards make available.  “Multi-Channel Mesh Networks: Challenges and Protocols” [KSCV06] The authors considered the use of multi-channel to improve the throughput of Wireless Mesh Network (WMN). The main challenges were highlighted and two link-layer protocols were presented for utilizing multiple channels  “Coverage and capacity of a wireless mesh network” [HWC05] The authors proposed a scalable multi-channel ring-based WMN architecture and developed an analytical framework to evaluate the capacity and coverage of such a network. Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

Related Work (3)  “The IEEE s Extended Service Set Mesh Networking Standard” [CK08] The author presented how the developing IEEE s ESS Mesh Networking Standard draft addresses technical challenges of the pervasive development of wireless mesh networks (WMNs), the efficient allocation of mesh resources (routing and MAC layers), the protection of network resources (security and power savings), and the elimination of spatial bias (congestion control).  “An Improved IEEE WiMAX Module for the ns-3 Simulator” [IPGT10] The authors presented the new features and enhancements that were integrated within the ns-3 WiMAX module. These proposed features can make easier and more realistic the evaluation and design of WiMAX systems. Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

Challenges & Approach  Challenges in Design and Deployment AMI Network using WMN How to evaluate the network performance: hundred thousands of smart meters, complicated architecture How the scalability affects to the performance  Approach Develop a Network Topology Planning Tool Develop a Network Simulator for AMI Communication Network Simulate the network model and Analyze the results  Goals Develop techniques and tools to evaluate the performance of AMI WMN. Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

Hybrid WiMAX/Wi-Fi Network Model Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 Hybrid WiMAX/Wi-Fi Network Model (a) Example of WiMAX network (WAN)(b) Example of Wi-Fi mesh network (NAN) (a) (b) University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

SG-WIP Tool  A mashup that overlays the wireless infrastructure and GIS data (street light poles, housing units) on the Google Maps  Visually planning the Antenna mounting place for the WiMAX/Wi-Fi network  Export the network topology as XML file for further research  Can be integrated to the network simulator Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

SG-WIP: GUI Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 GUI includes components: Main Menu, Network Topology Overlay, Google Maps, and Topology Information Panel. University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

SG-WIP: Navigating Topologies Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 MAN: Grid 10x10, 10 km x 10 km (WxH)NAN: Grid 10x10, 1 km x 1 km (WxH) University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

SG-WIP: Exporting Topology Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 LAN: Square, 100 m x 100 m (WxH)Exporting the LAN topology as an XML file University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

SG-WIP: Changing Antennae Position Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 WiMAX base station’s antennae: (a) Before changing, location at (5, 5); (b) After changing, location at (6, 9) (a)(b) University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

SG-WIP: Code // Calculate the center point of the Colo Sprgs boundary house/building units // Show the map of Colorado Springs var csCenter = getCenter(new GeoRectangle(csSW, csNE)); var latlng = new google.maps.LatLng(csCenter.Latitude, csCenter.Longitude); // Map's options var myOptions = { zoom: startZoom, center: latlng, mapTypeId: google.maps.MapTypeId.ROADMAP, mapTypeControl: true, navigationControl: true, scaleControl: true }; // Map object instance map = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById("map- canvas"), myOptions); // Add the network topology as an overlay object on map polygon = new google.maps.Polygon({ paths: paths, strokeColor: FillColor, strokeOpacity: 1, strokeWeight: LineWeight, fillColor: FillColor, fillOpacity: 0.01 }); polygon.setMap(map); overlaysArray.push(polygon); Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs // Handle the Click event on the network topology google.maps.event.addListener(polygon, 'click', function(event) { var lat = event.latLng.lat(); var lng = event.latLng.lng(); Network.clickEvent(lat, lng); } // Geographical coordinates helper functions //This uses the ‘haversine’ formula to calculate great-circle distances between //the two points – that is, the shortest distance over the earth’s surface – // giving an ‘as-the-crow-flies’ distance between the points (ignoring any hills!). function distance_between(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2){ var dLat = (lat2-lat1)*degrees_to_radians; var dLon = (lon2-lon1)*degrees_to_radians; var a = Math.sin(dLat/2) * Math.sin(dLat/2) + Math.cos(lat1*degrees_to_radians) * Math.cos(lat2*degrees_to_radians) * Math.sin(dLon/2) * Math.sin(dLon/2); var c = 2 * Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(a), Math.sqrt(1-a)); var d = earth_radius * c; return d; } });

SG-SIM Simulator  Implements the proposed hybrid WiMAX/Wi-Fi Network Model on NS-3 platform  The network simulator NS-3 is Open source project Popular and accepted by network research community  Parameters of the Simulator Network types: WAN, MAN, NAN, LAN Number of nodes, Transmission Rate Others: network initialization time,… Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

SG-SIM: Code // Install node location for WiMAX base station, gateways MobilityHelper mobility; mobility.SetPositionAllocator ("ns3::GridPositionAllocator", "MinX", DoubleValue (0.0), "MinY", DoubleValue (0.0), "DeltaX", DoubleValue (1000), "DeltaY", DoubleValue (1000), "GridWidth", UintegerValue (5), "LayoutType", StringValue ("RowFirst")); mobility.SetMobilityModel ("ns3::ConstantPositionMobilityModel"); mobility.Install (bsNodes); mobility.Install (ssNodes); // Create a packet sink to receive these packets Address sinkLocalAddress (InetSocketAddress (Ipv4Address::GetAny (), 50000)); PacketSinkHelper sinkHelper ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory", sinkLocalAddress); ApplicationContainer sinkApp = sinkHelper.Install (serverNode); sinkApp.Start (Seconds (start)); sinkApp.Stop (Seconds (duration)); Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs // Install the app on the SS nodes for (int i=0; i<nbSS; i++) { // build the application Ptr sgOnOff = CreateObject (); sgOnOff->SetAttribute ("Protocol", StringValue ("ns3::UdpSocketFactory")); sgOnOff->SetAttribute ("OnTime", RandomVariableValue (ConstantVariable (1))); sgOnOff->SetAttribute ("OffTime", RandomVariableValue (ConstantVariable (0))); sgOnOff->SetAttribute ("DataRate", DataRateValue (DataRate (m_packetDataRate))); sgOnOff->SetAttribute ("PacketSize", UintegerValue (lenPacket)); sgOnOff->SetAttribute ("Remote", remoteAddress); sgOnOff->SetStartTime (Seconds (start *i)); ssNodes.Get (i)->AddApplication(sgOnOff); }

Simulation Experiments  Experiment Design Vision Evaluate the performance of AMI Infrastructure How the scalability affects to the performance  Measure the performance of network with many source nodes at the specific Constant Bit Rate (CBR)  Confirm to smart meter density analysis (using SG-WIP) Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

LAN Simulation Results Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 Tx packets = Rx packets Total processing delay increases linearly with the number of smart meter University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

NAN Simulation Results Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 Tx packets = Rx packets Total processing delay increases rapidly with the number of mesh routers. University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

MAN Simulation Results Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 Tx packets = Rx packets Total processing delay converges to 930 msecs. It caused by 5 msecs fixed frame time in IEEE standard. University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

MAN Simulation Results (2) Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 Impact on the network performance by aggregating meter data at the gateway Tx packets = Rx packets when number of meter packets < 16 Tx packets > Rx packets when number of meter packets >= 16 (caused by UDP packet fragmentation) Total processing delay increases slowly with the number of meter packets University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

WAN Simulation Results Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 Tx packets = Rx packets Total processing delay is independent from the number of base stations (BSs). However, it is affected by the distribution of BSs around the data centers. University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

WAN Simulation Results (2) Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 The total processing time was linearly increased with the length of the optical cables. University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

Lessons Learned Development of SG-WIP Tool - Challenges in testing and debugging source code for Web application (used PHP/JavaScript) - GIS Information Acquisition: time consuming process Development of SG-SIM Simulator - Found the bug in NS-3 WiMAX module that can affect the simulation results and reported to NS-3 community at: Simulation Experiments in NS-3 - The initialization phase of wireless networks - Bugs in Wi-Fi Mesh, WiMAX modules Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

Future Direction Fully integrate the SG-WIP tool with SG-SIM simulator Improve the antenna placement algorithm - Increase availability of wireless networks Database systems for storing the real-time meter data Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

Conclusion  The proposed WiMAX/Wi-Fi WMN can transport the meter data from 160,000 smart meters in the CSU service areas to the data center in one second.  The high scalability property of WiMAX/Wi-Fi WMN helps flexibly extend the coverage area of the AMI wireless infrastructure without degrading the network performance.  The proposed WiMAX/Wi-Fi infrastructure allows the utilities deploying an AMI wireless communication infrastructure not only at low cost of installation and maintenance but also with high performance, scalability, and security. Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

Demo  Illustrate network topology planning with SG-WIP Tool  Some demonstrations of SG-SIM simulator Masters Thesis Philip Huynh Spring 2011 University of Colorado at Colorado Springs

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