1 Ch. 22: The Industrial Revolution

2Beginnings Began in Great Britain Began in Great Britain Had the factors of production – Had the factors of production – Land – refers to all natural resources (coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors)Land – refers to all natural resources (coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors) Capital – tools, machinery, equipment, inventory used in production, & moneyCapital – tools, machinery, equipment, inventory used in production, & money Labor – growth of pop. & migration into citiesLabor – growth of pop. & migration into cities

3Terms Mechanization = using machinery to increase production Mass production = producing large numbers of identical items Monopoly = complete control of a single good or service Strike = large group of workers stops working Proletariat = working class

4 Important Inventions & Scientific Discoveries of Industrial Rev. Seed drill = Jethro Tull Seed drill = Jethro Tull Crop rotation = Charles “Turnip”Townsend Crop rotation = Charles “Turnip”Townsend Replaceable plow blades = Jethro Wood Replaceable plow blades = Jethro Wood

5 Mechanized loom = John Kay Mechanized loom = John Kay Spinning “jenny” = James Hargreaves Spinning “jenny” = James Hargreaves Cotton gin = Eli Whitney Cotton gin = Eli Whitney Steam engine = James Watt Steam engine = James Watt Steel = William Kelly, Henry Bessemer Steel = William Kelly, Henry Bessemer Telegraph & Morse code = Samuel Morse Telegraph & Morse code = Samuel Morse

6 Lives of Women changed during I.R. 1. took factory jobs 2. became nurses, teachers, telephone operators, & secretaries 3. able to attend college 4. middle class women didn’t have to work or spend more time w/ children

7 Methods of Production changed during I.R. 1. Factory owners divided the manufacturing process into steps. 2. they hired unskilled labor to perform each step. 3. The use of machines in some of the steps helped the workers produce more in a shorter time.

8 Iron Law of Wages Ricardo stated that supply & demand determine wages. Ricardo stated that supply & demand determine wages. When labor is plentiful, wages remain low; when labor is scarce, wages rise. When labor is plentiful, wages remain low; when labor is scarce, wages rise. As the pop. grows, more workers become available and wages drop. As the pop. grows, more workers become available and wages drop.

9 Factory Act of 1802 Shortened hours and improved conditions for children working in cotton mills; ineffective because it had no means of enforcement. Shortened hours and improved conditions for children working in cotton mills; ineffective because it had no means of enforcement. The Factory Act of 1833 corrected this. The Factory Act of 1833 corrected this. People centered in one place working for a certain number of hours per day for fixed pay is called the factory system People centered in one place working for a certain number of hours per day for fixed pay is called the factory system

10 Role of Unions in Improving wages & working conditions 1. Unions represented the workers to management in discussions of disputes over wages, hours, & conditions. 1. Unions represented the workers to management in discussions of disputes over wages, hours, & conditions. 2. Agreements were written into contracts lasting for a fixed period of time. 2. Agreements were written into contracts lasting for a fixed period of time. 3. Unions collected dues from workers and paid the workers from those funds when there was a strike. 3. Unions collected dues from workers and paid the workers from those funds when there was a strike.

11 What led to the development of Socialism & Communism? Uneven distribution of wealth Uneven distribution of wealth -political & economic system in which the gov’t owns the means of production socialism-political & economic system in which the gov’t owns the means of production =authoritarian socialism; economic & political system in which gov’ts own the means of production & control economic planning Communism=authoritarian socialism; economic & political system in which gov’ts own the means of production & control economic planning

12 Factors that forced employers to improve wages & working conditions 1. Strikes 2. Protests 3. Competition 4. Profit loss 5. Unions

13 Adam Smith Considered the founder of classical economics Scottish economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations

14 Adam Smith’s law of supply & demand Prices & profits depend on both the amount of available goods and the demand for those goods Prices & profits depend on both the amount of available goods and the demand for those goods If an item is scarce & in great demand, people pay a high price for it & profits rise If an item is scarce & in great demand, people pay a high price for it & profits rise As manufacturers then invest money to make more of the product, supplies soon exceed demand, and prices go down As manufacturers then invest money to make more of the product, supplies soon exceed demand, and prices go down

15 I.R influence other areas of society 1. it help create a middle class 2. put women & children in the work force 3. created a capitalist economy 4. gave rise to corporations 5. gave ideas of social, political, & economic reform Still couldn’t solve problem of Irish home rule

16 Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels wrote Communist Manifesto wrote Communist Manifesto believed that a capitalist society would split into two economic classes believed that a capitalist society would split into two economic classes Capitalist system – the means of production are privately owned Capitalist system – the means of production are privately owned Believed the capitalist system should be destroyed Believed the capitalist system should be destroyed

17 Louis Pasteur In the 1860s he developed a process of heating liquids to kill bacteria and prevent fermentation; process was named pasteurization In the 1860s he developed a process of heating liquids to kill bacteria and prevent fermentation; process was named pasteurization

18 Sigmund Freud In the early 1900s the Austrian doctor introduced the idea of the unconscious as a determining factor in human behavior In the early 1900s the Austrian doctor introduced the idea of the unconscious as a determining factor in human behavior Freud called this process of revealing & analyzing unconscious motivations psychoanalysis Freud called this process of revealing & analyzing unconscious motivations psychoanalysis

19 More inventions 1870s – Michael Faraday = electricity 1870s – Michael Faraday = electricity 1870s – Alexander Graham Bell = telephone 1870s – Alexander Graham Bell = telephone Late 1800s – several European inventors developed combustion engines Late 1800s – several European inventors developed combustion engines