DO NOW Hand in your outlines and get with your partner to begin lab.

DO NOW What similarities do you see in the following molecules?

THE MOLECULES OF CELLS Chapter 3

OBJECTIVES To understand what constitutes an organic compound and why carbon is essential to life. To identify the 6 functional groups important in the chemistry of life. To explain a dehydration synthesis reaction and how it is used to construct polymers.

CARBON Lets draw a molecule of carbon! What is so special about it? Carbon has 4 valence electrons and therefore can form 4 covalent bonds, allowing branching in 4 directions! Any molecule containing carbon= ORGANIC COMPOUND

HYDROCARBONS Compounds composed of only hydrogen and carbon. The structure effects the properties of the molecule Hydrocarbons are nonpolar molecules due to their nonpolar C—H bonds.

CARBON Carbon Skeleton Types Unbranched Branched Contain double bonds Rings

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS An organic compound has unique properties that depend upon –The size and shape of the molecule –The groups of atoms (functional groups) attached to it A functional group affects a biological molecule’s function in a characteristic way Ex: OH (hydroxyl group) is polar and therefore soluble in water, which makes compounds it is attached to Hydrophilic. CH4 (methyl group) is non-polar and can make compounds it is attached to hydrophobic.

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS The functional groups are – Hydroxyl group —consists of a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen – Carbonyl group —a carbon linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom – Carboxyl group —consists of a carbon double-bonded to both an oxygen and a hydroxyl group – Amino group —composed of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton – Phosphate group —consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms – Methyl group —consists of a carbon atom bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms

REAL WORLD APPLICATIONS An example of similar compounds that differ only in functional groups is sex hormones –Male and female sex hormones differ only in functional groups –The differences cause varied molecular actions –The result is distinguishable features of males and females

PRACTICE Get with a partner to complete the worksheet on organic compounds and functional groups.

DO NOW Identify the functional groups in the following compound and take out your hw worksheet.

OBJECTIVES To understand the general structures of the 4 main biological molecules. To determine how smaller molecules join to form larger molecules.

MACROMOLECULES Lets review. What are the 4 macromolecules our bodies need to survive? P.C.F. NA Proteins Carbs Fats (lipids) Nucleic Acids

THE BUILDING BLOCKS Each macromolecule is a type of “polymer” made up of smaller “monomers”. Carbs- Monosaccharides Proteins- Amino Acids Nucleic Acids- Nucleotides Lipids- Glycerol + Fatty Acids

POGIL ACTIVITY Lets take a closer look at some of these molecules! Get with your assigned group and complete the “Biological Molecules” activity.

TEST Lets go over your last test! While we do this, think about the following Did I do as well or as poorly as I thought I would? Why did I get questions wrong? – go through each question and pick one of the following reasons as to why you got it wrong… 1. I didn’t understand the question 2. I made a silly error 3. I did not study this specific material 4. Something else?

LETS REVIEW What does benedicts solution indicate? What do you need to do to initiate a reaction for benedicts? What does iodine indicate? Take out your lab from last week!

OBJECTIVES To determine the structural differences of mono, di, and polysaccharides and provide examples of each. To determine which types of carbs are present in common foods.

ORGANIC SUBSTANCES LAB Today we are going to be doing part B “Testing unknown substances”. Each table will need a hot plate with a beaker of water on it, a test tube rack with test tubes, and the indicators. Please wear Goggles, gloves, and an apron as safety precautions.

DO NOW What 3 elements make up macromolecules? What are the monomers of carbohydrates? How do these monomers come together to form a polymer?

HOW CAN WE FORM MACROMOLECULES? Look at the following diagram and hypothesize how these molecules come together.

HYDROLYSIS AND DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

HOW DO WE GET THESE MACROMOLECULES? Monomers are linked together to form polymers through dehydration synthesis reactions, which remove water Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis, the addition of water All biological reactions of this sort are mediated by enzymes, which speed up chemical reactions in cells

A CLOSER LOOK AT CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates range from small sugar molecules (monomers) to large polysaccharides –Sugar monomers are monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose –These can be hooked together to form the polysaccharides

CARBS The carbon skeletons of monosaccharides vary in length –Glucose and fructose are six carbons long –Others have three to seven carbon atoms Monosaccharides are the main fuels for cellular work –Monosaccharides are also used as raw materials to manufacture other organic molecules

Glucose (an aldose) Fructose (a ketose)

DISACCHARIDES Two monosaccharides (monomers) can bond to form a disaccharide in a dehydration reaction –An example is a glucose monomer bonding to a fructose monomer to form sucrose, a common disaccharide

POLYSACCHARIDES Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides –They can function in the cell as a storage molecule or as a structural compound

POLYSACCHARIDES Starch is a storage polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers and found in plants Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide composed of glucose, which is hydrolyzed by animals when glucose is needed Cellulose is a polymer of glucose that forms plant cell walls Chitin is a polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans to build an exoskeleton

PARTNER PRACTICE Complete the carbohydrates worksheet with your partner. You may move to a lab table if you wish.

DO NOW Please clear your desk for your quiz.

OBJECTIVES To understand how to test for lipids using two different methods. To identify the structure of lipids.

EMULSION TEST Read the intro to your lab after your lab quiz and answer the following questions: 1. Why is ethanol used in this lab? 2. Explain how emulsion works.

LIPIDS Lipids are water insoluble ( hydrophobic, or water fearing) compounds that are important in energy storage –They contain twice as much energy as a polysaccharide Fats are lipids made from glycerol and fatty acids

LIPIDS Fatty acids link to glycerol by a dehydration reaction –A fat contains one glycerol linked to three fatty acids –Fats are often called triglycerides because of their structure

TYPES OF FATS Some fatty acids contain double bonds –This causes kinks or bends in the carbon chain because the maximum number of hydrogen atoms cannot bond to the carbons at the double bond –These compounds are called unsaturated fats because they have fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens –Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens are called saturated fats

UNSATURATED FAT

TRANS FATS