Biochemistry Notes

Carbon Organic molecules contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbon has 4 electrons available for bonding.

Carbohydrates The function is store and release energy Monosaccharid - one sugar examples: glucose C 6 H 12 O 6, Fructose Disaccharide - 2 monosaccharides example - sucrose - made of glucose and fructose

Polysaccarides Contain many sugars Examples - –starch - stored energy in plants –glycogen - stored energy in animals –cellulose - makes cell wall of plants

Polysaccharide

Cellulose in a Plant

Lipids Monomers are fatty acids Ex.– fats, oils, & phospholipids in cell membranes Non-polar - insoluble in water Structure –3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol

Lipid function Long-term energy storage, insulation, cell structure (lipid bi-layer/cell membrane)

Saturated Fatty Acid Solid at room temperature Bad for heart Meat, butter Contain lots of hydrogen atoms and carbons are linked with single bonds in fatty acid chain

Unsaturated Fatty Acid Liquid at room temperature Good for your heart Olive oil, nuts, fish. Contain few hydrogen atoms because carbon atoms have double bonds in fatty acid chain.

Proteins Proteins provide structure (skin, hair, cartilage, muscle) and are carry out all cell metabolism (enzymes) The shape determines function Monomer—amino acids Linked together by peptide bonds (type of covalent bond)

Protein Structure Primary – amino acid sequence Secondary - hydrogen bonding between a.a.’s –causes twisting; 2-D shape Tertiary - additional folding –functional protein; 3-D shape Quaternary - 2 or more amino acid (polypeptide) chains –complex

Primary Structure SecondaryTeritary Quaternary

Nucleic Acids Macromolecule that stores and transfers genetic material Made up of nucleotides –made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid RNA: ribonucleic acid

Nucleotides