 Includes: 1. limb bones 2. bones that connect limbs to axial skeleton › shoulder girdle › pelvic girdle

 2 pectoral girdles  attach bones of upper limbs to axial skeleton  each: 1 clavicle  1 scapula

 does not form complete belt-like bony structure  anteriorly: clavicles attached to sternum  laterally: clavicles attach to scapulae  posteriorly: › scapula attach to vertebral column via muscle attahments

 S-shaped, (medial ½ convex anteriorly, lateral ½ concave anteriorly) slender bone  lies horizontally across anterior thorax superior to 1 st rib

 Functions: 1. anchor muscles 2. hold upper limbs and scapula out laterally away from the narrow superior part of thoracic cage

 medial end = sternal end is rounded & articulates with the sternoclavicular joint

 lateral end = acromial end is flat  articulates with acromion of the scapula to form acromialclavicular joint

 last bone to stop growing  1 of most frequently fx’d bones (2 curves) usually from fall on outstretched arm  or see compression fx in auto accidents from shoulder strap which can cause damage to median n. (between clavicle & 2 nd rib)

 aka shoulder blade, angel bone  large, triangular, flat bone  in superior part of posterior thorax between levels of 2 nd & 7 th ribs  spine: prominent ridge that runs diagonally across posterior surface

 lateral edge: acromion a flattened expanded process, easily felt as hi pt of shoulder (tailors use it as landmark to measure length of arm)  glenoid cavity : inferior to acromion, smooth, shallow depression that accepts head of humerus in shoulder joint

 6 parts: 1. Humerus 2. Ulna 3. Radius 4. Carpals 5. Metacarpals 6. Phalanges  Joints:  Shoulder  Elbow  Wrist  Hand

 longest & largest bone of upper limb  articulates proximally with scapula & distally with ulna & radius  head: rounded proximal end  articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula to form glenohumeral joint

 distal end:  capitulum: rounded knob on lateral aspect that articulates with head of radius  trochlea: medial to capitulum, spool- shaped, articulates with ulna

 2 parallel bones: Ulna & Radius  articulate: › proximally with humerus  elbow › distally with carpal bones  wrist › with each other along their length  radioulnar joint

 medial aspect of forearm › (in anatomical position: pinky finger side)  longer than radius  proximal end: olecranon (prominence in elbow)  distal end: head, styloid process ( posterior)

 lateral aspect of forearm  proximal end: head of radius : articulates with capitulum  distal end: styloid process (palpable proximal to thumb)

 includes: 1. Carpals › wrist 2. Metacarpals › palm 3. Phalanges › digits

 proximal to the hand, distal to radius & ulna  8 small bones joined by ligaments  articulations w/each other called intercarpal joints

 14 bones of the digits (each hand)  #’d I to V beginning with thumb  thumb is the pollex has only 2 phalanges, other digits have 3  joints between phalanges called interphalangeal joints

 attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton › transmitting full weight of trunk to lower limbs  supports visceral organs of pelvic cavity  attachment to axial skeleton (compared to shoulder girdle) stronger via strongest ligaments in body

 2 hip bones (os coxa) which unite anteriorly at pubic symphysis and posteriorly with the sacroiliac joint

 Functions:  provides sturdy support for vertebral column  connects lower limb to axial skeleton

 3 bones on each side: 1. Ilium › superior 2. Pubis › anterior & inferior 3. Ischium  posterior & inferior

 largest of the 3 hip bones  distinguishing features: 1. Iliac Crest  along superior surface (hands akimbo resting on them) 2. Sacroiliac Joint (SI Joint)  between sacrum and ilium

 ramus of ischium fuses with pubis  distinguishing features: 1. Ischial Tuberosity  what you feel when someone sits on your lap

 Pubic Symphysis › anterior joint between the 2 hip bones

 point of fusion of all 3 pelvic bones  a deep hemispherical socket

 Pelvic Brim: line that distinguishes between true & false pelvis

 generally male bone heavier & stronger & have larger surface marker (because larger muscles attach)  Pelvis: › deeper false pelvis, smaller, narrower › pelvic brim heart-shaped › acetabulum larger, faces posterior › obturator foramen round

 generally bones lighter & thinner  Pelvis: › false pelvis shallow, widers › pelvic brim larger, more oval › acetabulum smaller & faces anterior › obturator foramen oval

 carries the weight of the entire erect body  so bones are thicker & stronger than comparable bones in upper limb

 30 bones in each:  1 femur  1 patella  1 tibia  1 fibula  7 tarsals  5 metatarsals  14 phalanges

 longest, heaviest, & strongest bone in the body  proximally articulates with the acetabulum to form hip joint › Head of the Femur: “ball” part of joint  small, central depression: fovea capitis › Greater Trochanter  prominence felt & side of hip

 broadens  lateral & medial condyles › articulation points with tibia  each flanked superiorly: lateral & medial epicondyles › sites of muscle attachments

 distally articulates with: › Patella › Tibia

 small, triangular, sesamoid bone  develops in tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle  Parts:  Base : broad, superior end  Apex: pointed, inferior end

“shin bone” larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of lower leg proximally articulates with femur & fibula distally articulates with fibula & tarsals

 medial malleolus forms prominence that is palpable & visible on medial ankle

 parallel & lateral to the tibia & considerably smaller  head of fibula on proximal end  lateral malleolus at distal end

 Interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula: is less flexible but more stable than radius and ulna

 Functions: 1. supports body weight 2. acts like a lever to propel body forward as we walk or run

 7 bones:  1 calcaneous: heel bone, largest of the tarsals

 5 bones between tarsals & phalanges  #’d I to V from medial  lateral

 14 bones that make up the 5 digits  #’d I to V medial to lateral  Hallux: great or big toe has 2 large heavy phalanges

 2 arches in foot: 1. allows the foot to support weight of body by distributing weight over the soft & hard tissues 2. provide leverage while walking fully developed by age

 2 longitudinal arches (medial & lateral  1 transverse arch