Classical Conditioning. It’s unconditioned because it happens automatically!

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Presentation transcript:

Classical Conditioning

It’s unconditioned because it happens automatically!

Neutral StimulusNo Response

How do we make the bell a stimulus?

Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response

Neutral Stimulus Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response

Terms to Know: Unconditioned Stimulus (US): an event that elicits a certain predictable response without previous training Unconditioned Response (UR): an organism’s automatic or natural reaction to a stimulus Conditioned Stimulus (CS): a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus Conditioned Response (CR): the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus Often, the unconditioned response and the conditioned response are the same thing. Classical conditioning generally deals with involuntary responses. 2 More Things:

Ivan Pavlov Russian scientist whose studies gave rise to the study of behaviorism. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1904 for his work with digestion.

Acquiring a Conditioned Response Occurs gradually Is strengthened the more often the US and CS are paired Optimal timing to create a CR is to offer the CS half a second before the US

Generalization When an organism responds to a second stimulus that is similar to the original CS without any training. Hmmm…that sounds a lot like that bell I’ve been hearing lately.

Discrimination the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli You may have fooled me before, but I’ve learned the difference between a bell and a phone.

Extinction the gradual disappearance of a CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the CS spontaneous recovery: when the CR appears out of the blue some time later =

Taste Aversions CSCRUSUR Trying escargotThrowing upGetting the fluThrowing up

CSCRUSUR Sound of a drillAnxietyPain at the dentist’s office Anxiety

CSCRUSUR FiatHappinessJennifer LopezHappiness

CSCRUSUR Flashing police car lights DistressSpeeding ticketDistress

Operant Conditioning

Hmm…how can I get the food???

B. F. Skinner Behavior is influenced by a person’s history of rewards and punishments.

Reinforcement: An event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated.

Punishment An event that follows a response and decreases the likelihood that the response will be repeated.

? What are some common reinforcements? Some common punishments?

ReinforcementPunishment = a good or bad thing = giving or taking away

Positive Reinforcement Great job! You’ve really gotten good at this! A+ We are giving (+) a good thing (+).

Punishment Stupid boy, you will have to stay after every day until you get the hang of this! We are giving (+) a bad thing (-).

or…

Punishment Stupid boy, I am telling your parents to take your phone away! We are taking away (-) a good thing (+).

Negative Reinforcement Great job! I think you can stop coming after school every day! We are taking away (-) a negative thing (+).

Escape Conditioning A type of negative reinforcement in which the subject behaves in a way that allows them to escape an unpleasant event. Behavior: Whining and Gagging When Served a Disliked Food Negative Reinforcement: Removing the Disliked Food

Avoidance Conditioning A type of negative reinforcement in which the subject behaves in a way that allows them to avoid an unpleasant event altogether (the event never even occurs because of their behavior). Behavior: Whining and Gagging When You See the Unwanted Food Negative Reinforcement: Putting the Disliked Food Back in the Fridge

Schedules of Reinforcement When should reinforcement occur? How can you maximize the impact of the reinforcement?

Continuous Reinforcement: reinforces the desired response each time it occurs Partial Reinforcement: reinforces the desired response only part of the time

And the Winner Is… Partial Reinforcement Behaviors acquired on a partial reinforcement schedule are established more slowly but are more persistent.

Fixed Ratio Fixed Interval Variable Ratio Variable Interval

Fixed Ratio Fixed Interval Variable Ratio Variable Interval A set number of responses must occur before reinforcement is given. A set amount of time must elapse before reinforcement is given. An unpredictable number of responses must occur before reinforcement is given. An unpredictable amount of time must elapse before reinforcement is given.

Fixed Ratio A set number of responses must occur before reinforcement is given. Typist paid by number of pages typed. Dentist paid for each cavity filled. Child given a sticker for every third chore they complete.

Fixed Interval A set amount of time must elapse before reinforcement is given. An employee gets a raise every year. A plumber gets paid for every hour he works. A commuter willingly waits for the bus because they know it comes every 15 minutes.

Variable Ratio An unpredictable number of responses must occur before reinforcement is given. A gambler wins the jackpot on a slot machine. A door to door salesman occasionally sells his product. A student receives praise for answering questions.

Variable Interval An unpredictable amount of time must elapse before reinforcement is given. A fisherman puts his line over and eventually catches a fish. A baby’s cries are eventually responded to by the parent. You’re put on hold while on the phone, but eventually someone takes your call.

Fixed Ratio? Fixed Interval? Variable Ratio? Variable Interval?

Putting It All Together…

Shaping The process by which

Chaining The process by which

Effectiveness Whether or not a particular stimulus is a reinforcement or a punishment depends on the effect the stimulus has on the learner. What works for some will not necessarily work for others.

Reinforcement Gone Bad… You’ve been so good. Why don’t we go get a cheeseburger as a special treat??? Ugh. I hate cheeseburgers. Why bother behaving if that’s the treat?

Punishment Gone Bad… I want some attention! I think I’ll have a tantrum… Knock it off! What are you thinking? I can’t believe you’re acting like that. You need to stop that right now, young lady. I’m going to make you sit right here with me until you stop. Hey, I got some attention. Maybe I’ll try it again!