+ Chapter 13 Emotion and Personality © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

+ Part II. The Cognitive/Experiential Domain Cognitive Experiences: Perceptions Interpretations Goals and strategies to reach goals Mental Ability/Intelligence Emotions Emotion content, triggers and tendencies Self: How people define the self Evaluation of the self Social roles © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 2

+ Outline Emotional States Versus Emotional Traits 3 Approaches to Emotions Trait Emotions (your book calls “emotional content”) What types of emotions do people experience? Emotional Intensity How do people experience their emotions? © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 3

+ Emotions: Four Components Feelings Physiological Changes Behaviors: Facial Expressions, approach/avoid, etc. Cognitive Appraisals © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 4

+ State vs. Trait Emotions State and trait emotions both provide a measure of emotional experience State emotions: In response to a specific event Dissipate quickly People tend to exhibit the same emotion in reaction to the same event (e.g., guilt after lying) Trait Emotions: Individual differences in emotions. Tendency to experience a specific emotion over time and across situations For each emotion, people may be more or less likely to experience the emotion. © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 5

+ What is your emotion? Emotion #2 A. Sadness B. Disgust C. Panicked D. Bored E. Interested 6 © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

+ State or trait emotion? Alexa often feels queasy. She feels queasy when she sees roadkill, blood, a needle, and even a cut on her finger. Michael was the next person in line at Starbucks (he was up all night studying and needed the caffeine!!). While looking down at his phone, some jerk butted in front of him. Michael was furious! Patrick is a nervous person. As a child, he would always feel nervous before his soccer game and before going to school. As an adult, Patrick is nervous before receiving his work evaluation and even when he is running a few minutes late for a doctor’s appointment. © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 7

+ 3 Approaches to Emotions Categorical Perspective: Looking for universal emotions Also called “Basic” Emotions Use evolutionary theory as support Cognitive Appraisal Theory Universal emotions do not exist. People’s interpretations determine the emotion they feel Culture constructs our emotional experience Dimensional Perspective: Goal is to group subjective feelings into overall factors/dimensions of emotions © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 8

+ Categorical Approach to Emotions Universal Emotions: all people in all cultures experience the same emotions in the same way Focus on identifying a small number of primary and distinct emotions Emotions are adaptive (Darwin) Lack of consensus about regarding which emotions are primary Lack of consensus is attributable to different criteria used for defining an emotion as primary (facial expressions, physiology, etc.) Inside Out © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 9

Anger Contempt Disgust Surprise Sadness Happiness Fear Which face did you identify first? Last? Any problems with this methodology?

+ Appraisal Theory Cognitive Appraisal Theorists noticed that different people experience different emotions in response to the same event Our cognitive appraisal determines the discrete emotion we experience We can misinterpret our arousal! Chris and Fort Worth – wine. Types of cognitive appraisals Pleasantness Goal Significance Coping Potential Novelty/Familiarity © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 11

+ Dimensional Approach to Emotions People rate themselves on a variety of emotions, then factor analysis identifies dimensions Factor Analysis resulted in two dimensions of emotion: (1) Valence = Pleasantness vs. Unpleasantness subjective feeling of how well one is doing (2) Activation = High vs. Low Arousal subjective feeling of sense of mobilization or energy Circumplex Models – arrange emotions around circle © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 12

UNPLEASANT PLEASANT ACTIVATION DEACTIVATION Joy-Pink Disgust-Green Sadness-Dark Blue Anger-White Fearful-Purple Lethargic – Blue/Green

+ (Russell & Barrett, 1999) 14 © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

+ Summary: 3 Perspectives of Emotion Categorical approach – emotions are universal! These distinctions could be facial expressions, behaviors, etc. Appraisal approach – emotions are not universal! Dimensional approach - emotions be classified into valence and activation! © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 15

+ Pleasant and Unpleasant Trait Emotions Typical emotions a person is likely to experience over time and across situations. Pleasant emotions: Happiness and Well-Being Unpleasant emotions: Neuroticism and Anger Relationship between pleasant/unpleasant emotions and Big Five © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 16

+ 2 Questions… What makes you happy? What would make you happier? © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 17

+ Friends and Family My boyfriend/girlfriend A feeling of success/accomplishment Relaxing Playing sports/being active Enjoying nature Music and humor Religion Making Others Happy More money or possessions A good job and a secure future A new boyfriend or girlfriend or a better relationship with the current one Better grades in school More time with family and friends More sleep! AB 18 © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

+ Two Happiness Perspectives (1) Eudaimonia: judgment about one’s life purpose and meaning Cognitive component (think goals!) Also called “Life Satisfaction” or “Subjective Well-being” (2) Hedonic: ratio of a person’s positive emotions to negative emotions, averaged over time. Affective component Eudaimonic and hedonic happiness are positively correlated 19 © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

+ Eudaimonic Perspective – Healthy, Happy, & Prosperous! Happiness based on lifelong pursuit of meaningful, developmental goals We are happy because we reached our goals! Maslow, Adler We are happy when we engage in interesting, challenging tasks on a daily basis Flow - Csikszentmihalyi Well-being = happiness + meaning Happiness and well-being not synonymous 20 © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

+ Meaning in Life One way to measure meaning aspect of well-being Presence of Meaning – report high meaning in life I understand my life’s meaning; I have discovered a satisfying life purpose; My life has no clear purpose (R). Positively correlated with love, joy, Extraversion Search for Meaning – currently seeking meaning to life I am always looking to find my life’s purpose; I am searching for my meaning in life. Positively correlated with fear, shame, sadness, depression, Neuroticism Typically, presence and search negative correlated. But, could be positively correlated. © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 21

+ Hedonic Perspective During the next two minutes…….. Recall happy events that you have experienced in your life. Recall negative events that you have experienced in your life. Calculate the proportion: Happy Events : Negative Events 22 © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

+ Hedonic Perspective Experience of pleasure and appreciation of life’s rewards Well-being = happiness Happiness = Positive affect + general life satisfaction Well-being = Positive affect + general life satisfaction 23 © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

+ Satisfaction with Life (SWLS) Score In most ways, my life is close to my ideal. The conditions of my life are excellent I am satisfied with my life. So far, I have gotten the important things I want in life. If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing. Your hedonic happiness = SWLS + PA: NA. 24 © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

+ Summary: Eudaimonic and Hedonic Perspectives Eudaimonic Happiness: Well-being = happiness + meaning Happiness and well-being are different constructs. Hedonic Happiness: Well-being = Positive affect + general life satisfaction Happiness and well-being are the same constructs. © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 25

+ Who is the happiest? No sex difference in overall happiness, global well-being, meaning in life, life satisfaction No age difference in overall happiness Circumstances that make people happy change with age Relationship Status People who are married report more happiness and presence of meaning Single individuals report greater search for meaning. People in collectivist cultures (vs. individualistic) place less value on the experience of positive emotions. More likely to experience mixed emotions ***Answers may depend on the definition of happiness! 26 © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

+ Who is the happiest? National differences in subjective well-being People in poorer countries are less happy People in countries that provide citizens fewer civil and political rights are less happy Differences in economic development For low SES: money DOES make people happier For mid-high SES: money DOES NOT make people happier © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 27

© 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 28

+ Link between happiness and income Economic prosperity predicted global life evaluation GDP, High income, high standard of living, possession of luxury goods Psychosocial prosperity predicted experience of positive feelings Learning, autonomy, using one’s skills, respect, ability to count on others in emergency © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 29 (Diener et al., 2010)

+ © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 30 CountryGDP/capitaPsychosocial Prosperity High Global Life Evaluation United States11916 Denmark5131 The Netherlands7364 Japan Italy Israel New Zealand22129 South Korea South Africa Russia Mexico Costa Rica41618 Indonesia India Ghana Nepal Sierra Leone Tanzania895886

+ © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 31 CountryGDP/capitaPsychosocial Prosperity High Positive Feelings Low Negative Feelings United States Denmark51371 The Netherlands Japan Italy Israel New Zealand South Korea South Africa Russia Mexico Costa Rica Indonesia India Ghana Nepal Sierra Leone Tanzania

+ Is happiness a basic or trait emotion? In Ekman’s primary emotions, happiness is one of the universal, basic emotions Happiness researchers (e.g., Fredrickson) claim that happiness is not a basic emotion Experiencing 10 positive basic emotions on frequent, daily basis is associated with happiness Joy, interest, contentment, gratitude, awe, amusement, inspiration, pride, hope, love Fredrickson’s 3:1 Ratio Fredrickson’s 3:1 ratio recently debunked (by a graduate student!) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 32

+ Trait Emotions Pleasant emotions: Happiness and Well-Being Unpleasant emotions: Anger Relationship between pleasant/unpleasant emotions and Big Five Introductory Video: © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 33

+ Anger-Proneness: Type A / Type D Personality Traits Type A (“angry”) personality: High on: Ambitiousness, aggressiveness, competitiveness, impatience, muscle tenseness, alertness, irritation, cynicism, hostility, and increased potential for anger. Increased risk of heart disease Hostility component of Type A most strongly related to heart disease Type D (“distressed”) personality: High Negative Affect PLUS Emotional Suppression PLUS Social Inhibition Poor quality of life; greater risk of dying; at risk for heart disease; poorer response to heart disease treatments Compared to Type A, fewer social ties and greater discomfort around strangers © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 34

+ Multidimensional Anger Inventory © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 35

+ Multidimensional Anger Inventory © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 36 “Something makes me angry almost everyday.” “I get angry when I am delayed, embarrassed, etc.” “People can bother me just by being around.”

+ Type D Scale (DS14; Denollet, 2005) © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 37

+ Type D Scale (DS14; Denollet, 2005) 38 25% coronary heart disease patients and 50% hypertension patients had Type D personality. © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

+ Type D Personality should be positively correlated with _________ HEXACO dimension. A. Honesty-Humility B. Emotionality C. Extraversion D. Openness to Experience E. Conscientiousness © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 39

+ Trait Emotions Pleasant emotions: Happiness and Well-Being Unpleasant emotions: Anger Relationship between pleasant/unpleasant emotions and Big Five © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 40

+ Which trait do you think is most strongly correlated with…. negative emotions? positive emotions? A. Openness to Experience B. Conscientiousness C. Extraversion D. Agreeableness E. Neuroticism 41 © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

NEOAC Negative Affect.65**-.21**-.12*-.26*-.11 Positive Affect -.35**.54**.17**.25**.49** (Watson & Clark, 1992) Neuroticism most strongly correlated with Negative Affect 42 © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood Extraversion most strongly correlated with Positive Affect

+ Summary of Trait Emotions We can measure a variety of trait emotions Happiness – Well-being, Meaning In Life Anger – MAI, Type D Researchers disagree about whether happiness is an emotion Ekman – happiness can be a state and trait emotion Fredrickson – happiness is not a basic emotion, but is determined by the experience of basic positive emotions Extraversion and Neuroticism are associated with the experience of positive and negative emotions, respectively. Because Extraverts experience more positive emotions, they report greater levels of happiness (supports hedonic view of happiness). © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 43

+ Emotional Style: Affect Intensity Individual difference variable that measures how people typically experience their emotions. High Affect Intensity: Tendency to experience extreme emotions (i.e., highly positive or highly negative) Tendency to quickly and frequently fluctuate b/w extreme emotions Tendency to experience emotions far away from baseline mood level Stronger reactions to good and bad events Low Affect Intensity: Tendency to experience mild, not extreme, emotions (i.e., moderately positive, moderately negative) Tendency to experience gradual fluctuations b/w mild emotions Tendency to experience emotions near baseline mood level © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 44

+ Emotional Style: Affect Intensity Individual difference variable that measures how people typically experience their emotions. Example Items: When I feel happy it is a strong type of exuberance. I feel pretty bad when I tell a lie. Sad movies deeply touch me. Should not be correlated with hedonic valence/happiness measures SWLS, r =.21, Presence, r =.14, Search, r = © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

+ (Russell & Barrett, 1999) AROUSAL 46 © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood

+ Matching Game!! Low Affect IntensityHigh Affect Intensity Frequent Positive Affect ?? Frequent Negative Affect ?? © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 47

+ Match the personality disorders and traits to the correct box. Depression Anxiety Bipolar Disorder Borderline personality disorder Substance use disorder Sensation seeking Happiness Type A Personality An Extraverted Neurotic! Sadness Contentment Any others? © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 48

+ Interaction of Emotional Content and Style Produces 4 Trends © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 49

+ Hedonic Valence and AI: Reconciling Gender, AI, and NA Women are higher in Neuroticism and NA than men But, women and men report equal levels of happiness. AI explains these paradoxical findings Women are as happy as men, but they experience happiness more intensely than men ( ↑ Intensity of PA) Thus, women’s higher levels of N, NA, and even depression are balanced by their more intense experience of PA. This more intense PA overcomes the high NA, thus leading to similar levels of happiness as men. © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 50

+ Summary Emotions may be viewed from a state or trait perspective. Trait emotions describe the types of emotions people experience over time and across situations Pleasant vs. Unpleasant Arousal Intensity explains how people experience their emotions over time and across situations High or Low Arousal Intensity Unpleasantness/pleasantness and arousal intensity interact to produce distinct trends in personality traits © 2015 M. Guthrie Yarwood 51