Countries managing their populations to achieve sustainable growth Managing population case studies: Indonesia A country with an uneven population distribution (stage 3) Uganda A country with a youthful population (stage 2) Thailand A country with a rapidly growing population (early stage 4) The UK A country with an ageing population (stage 4)

To know what transmigration is and understand how it can help to readdress the population balance. Learning objectives

Question 1. What is Indonesia’s current population? a)350 million b)150 million c)100 million d)250 million

What is the capital of Indonesia? Jakarta Question 1.

How many islands make up Indonesia? Question 3. a)8,000 b)18,000 c)800 d)80

Which product is not one of Indonesia’s main exports? Question 4. a)Oil and gas b)Rubber c)Sugar d)Palm oil

How many indigenous people live in Indonesia? Question 5. a) million b)50-70 million c)5-10 million d)50-70,000

What is the total average life expectancy in Indonesia? Question 6. a)68 b)70 c)69 d)65

The UK’s GDP per capita is roughly how many times more than Indonesia’s? Question 7. a)11 b)5 c)22 d)16 UK = US$ 39,372 Indonesia = US$ 3,510 UK = US$ 39,372 Indonesia = US$ 3,510

Transmigration is a method that governments have used to try and solve population problems. What is transmigration? It involves moving people from densely/over populated areas to more sparsely populated areas, in order to reduce the population pressure on resources.

Transmigration in Indonesia Indonesia is an archipelago of 18,000 islands. It has a densely populated core, including the major cities and the island of Java, and a sparsely populated periphery. 141 million people live in Java!

Java Java is the 13th largest island in the world. It accounts for just 7% of Indonesia's land, but it is home to over 60% of the population. Over 100 million people live in the city of Jakarta which has a population density of 15,442 people per km², making it one of the most densely populated places on earth. Java is the 13th largest island in the world. It accounts for just 7% of Indonesia's land, but it is home to over 60% of the population. Over 100 million people live in the city of Jakarta which has a population density of 15,442 people per km², making it one of the most densely populated places on earth. The growth of Jakarta is mainly due to rural–urban migration

Transmigration in Indonesia The transmigration policy was first introduced by the Dutch colonial government in the early nineteenth century to reduce crowding and to provide a workforce for plantations on Sumatra. After independence in 1949 the Indonesian government continued with the policy to try to reduce the considerable poverty and population pressure on Java (the core), and in particular Jakarta. The transmigration policy was first introduced by the Dutch colonial government in the early nineteenth century to reduce crowding and to provide a workforce for plantations on Sumatra. After independence in 1949 the Indonesian government continued with the policy to try to reduce the considerable poverty and population pressure on Java (the core), and in particular Jakarta.

Aims of the transmigration policy To alleviate poverty by providing land and new opportunities for poor, landless settlers to generate income. To alleviate poverty by providing land and new opportunities for poor, landless settlers to generate income. To provide a workforce to better exploit / utilize the natural resources of the outer islands. To achieve demographic balance across the islands.

Transmigration in Indonesia Landless people were permanently moved from Java, and to a lesser extent Bali and Madura, to less populated peripheral areas including Papua, Kalimantan, Sumatra, and Sulawesi. Activity: 1.Shade and label the islands that people were moved to. 2.Draw arrows on your map to show their movement from Java. 3.Give your map a title. Activity: 1.Shade and label the islands that people were moved to. 2.Draw arrows on your map to show their movement from Java. 3.Give your map a title.

Transmigration in Indonesia

To know what transmigration is and understand how it can help to readdress the population balance. Learning objectives

The incentives The Indonesian government provided: A 2ha plot of land for farming Free transportation A house A living allowance for the first 18 months Food and fertilizer for the first 12 months

Who took part in the Transmigration Scheme? Environmental impacts Social impacts Economic impacts Activity: Impacts of Transmigration You have been given some information on the impacts of the transmigration scheme. Cut out the cards and categorise them under the following headings:

Activity: Transmigration in Indonesia 1.How many people have been resettled as part of the Indonesian transmigration scheme? 2.Who is encouraged to take part in the transmigration scheme, and how? 3.Outline the criticisms of the transmigration scheme. 1.How many people have been resettled as part of the Indonesian transmigration scheme? 2.Who is encouraged to take part in the transmigration scheme, and how? 3.Outline the criticisms of the transmigration scheme. Read the hand out ‘Uprooting People, Destroying Cultures: Indonesia's Transmigration Program’ and then answer the following questions in detail.

A success story? The poor, beggars and vagrants Becak drivers Those displaced by natural disasters Those forcibly displaced by the construction of dams / chemical plants The landless The poor, beggars and vagrants Becak drivers Those displaced by natural disasters Those forcibly displaced by the construction of dams / chemical plants The landless Between 1950 and 1986, 3.5 million people were moved, with a further 3.75 million between 1985–1990, including:

Summary of the criticisms Environmentalists and Human Rights critics have exposed the transmigration program as a “development fraud and environmental disaster” Indonesia's outer islands contain 10% of the worlds remaining rainforest. Transmigration has lead to further destruction of forests. The program was an economic disaster, as it cost US$7,000 to resettle each family in the 1980s which increased national debt.

Transmigration violates customary land rights. Summary of the criticisms Resettlement was political and intended to control the indigenous population of the outer islands.

Transmigration made no dent in the population pressures on Java because migration, especially to Jakarta, continued. The program did not alleviate poverty, it redistributed it. Many transmigrants were worse off after they were moved! Summary of the criticisms

It has been impossible to keep up with the cost of the scheme due to falling revenue from oil, a cut in funding from the World Bank, and spiraling debt. Where migrants are sent to work on plantations, they are often exploited as cheap labour Summary of the criticisms

Often the land is infertile and water logged, and consecutive failed harvests have made it impossible for families to survive. Many sites have been abandoned, men are forced to migrate back to find work, and women may have to resort to prostitution to make ends meet