Essentials of Understanding Psychology 9 th Edition By Robert Feldman PowerPoints by Kimberly Foreman Revised for 9th Ed by Cathleen Hunt Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Chapter 13: Treatment of Psychological Disorders 2 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

MODULE 40: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment What are the goals of psychologically and biologically based treatment approaches? What are the psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive approaches to treatment? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Psychodynamic Approaches to Therapy Seek to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious –Defense mechanisms –Neurotic symptoms Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Psychodynamic Approaches to Therapy Psychoanalysis: Freud’s Therapy –The goal is to release hidden unconscious thoughts and feelings in order to reduce their power in controlling behavior Free association Dream interpretation –Manifest content –Latent content Resistance Transference Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Psychodynamic Approaches to Therapy Contemporary Psychodynamic Approaches –Therapist puts less emphasis on a patient’s past history and childhood, concentrating instead on an individual’s current relationships and specific complaints –Shorter duration 3 months or 20 sessions Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Behavioral Approaches to Therapy Make the fundamental assumption: –Both abnormal behavior and normal behavior are learned Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Behavioral Approaches to Therapy Classical Conditioning Treatments –Aversive conditioning –Systematic desensitization Relaxation techniques Hierarchy of fears –Exposure treatments Graded exposure Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Behavioral Approaches to Therapy Operant Conditioning Techniques –Token system –Contingency contracting –Observational learning Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Behavioral Approaches to Therapy Dialectical Behavior Therapy –Focus is on getting people to accept who they are, regardless of whether it matches their ideal –Teaches behavioral skills that help people behave more effectively and keep their emotions in check Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Cognitive Approaches to Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Approach –Therapists attempt to change the way people think as well as their behavior –Therapy is highly structured and focuses on concrete problems Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Cognitive Approaches to Therapy Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy –Albert Ellis –Attempts to restructure a person’s belief system into a more realistic, rational, and logical set of views –Aaron Beck Cognitive therapy Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

MODULE 41: Psychotherapy: Humanistic, Interpersonal, & Group Treatment What are the humanistic approaches to treatment? What is interpersonal therapy? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

MODULE 41: Psychotherapy: Humanistic, Interpersonal, & Group Treatment How does group therapy differ from individual types of therapy? How effective is psychotherapy, and which kind of psychotherapy works best in a given situation? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Humanistic Therapy “Self-actualization” Person-Centered Therapy –Aka client-centered therapy –Aims to enable people to reach their potential for self- actualization –Unconditional positive regard Expressing acceptance and understanding, regardless of the feelings and attitudes the client expresses Empathetic Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) Considers therapy in the context of social relationships Focuses on interpersonal issues such as conflicts with others, social skills issues, role transitions, or grief Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Group Therapy, Family Therapy, and Self-Help Groups Group Therapy –Several unrelated people meet with a therapist to discuss some aspect of their psychological functioning –Often centers on a common difficulty Example: alcoholism Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Group Therapy, Family Therapy, and Self-Help Groups Family Therapy –Involves two or more family members, one (or more) of whose problems led to treatment Self-Help Therapy –Does not involve a professional therapist –People with similar problems get together to discuss their shared feelings and experiences Bereavement support group Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Does Therapy Work? Is Therapy Effective? –Hans Eysenck published a study challenging the effectiveness Spontaneous remission –Recovery without treatment –Issue is hotly debated –Meta-analysis Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Does Therapy Work? Effectiveness of Psychotherapy –For most people it is effective –Psychotherapy does not work for everyone –No single form of therapy works best for every problem, and specific types of treatment are better for specific types of problems –Most therapies share several basic similar elements Client has a positive relationship with therapist Client receives explanation of symptoms Client is able to confront negative emotions Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Does Therapy Work? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

MODULE 42: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment How are drug, electroconvulsive, and psychosurgical techniques used today in the treatment of psychological disorders? Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Drug Therapy Control of psychological disorders through drugs; works by altering the operation of neurotransmitters and neurons in the brain Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc Figure 1 of Module 42

Drug Therapy Antipsychotic Drugs –Drugs used to reduce severe symptoms of disturbance, such as loss of touch with reality and agitation Chlorpromazine Risperidone Olanzapine Paliperidone Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Drug Therapy Antidepressant Drugs –Medications used in cases of severe depression to improve the moods of patients Work by changing the concentration of specific neurotransmitters in the brain –Tricyclic drugs –MAO inhibitors –Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) »Lexapro or Prozac Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Drug Therapy Mood Stabilizers –Treats mood disorders Bipolar disorder treatment –Lithium –Depakote –Tegretol –Can be a preventive treatment, blocking episodes of manic depression Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Drug Therapy Antianxiety Drugs –Reduce the level of anxiety a person experiences and increase feelings of well-being Xanax Valium Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Procedure used in the treatment of severe depression –Electric current of 70 to 150 volts is briefly administered to a patient’s head, causing a loss of consciousness and often causing seizures Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) –Alternative to ECT –Creates a precise magnetic pulse in a specific area of the brain Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Psychosurgery Brain surgery in which the object is to reduce symptoms of a mental disorder –Prefrontal lobotomy –Cingulotomy For rare cases of OCD Tissue is destroyed in the anterior cignulate –Gamma knife surgery Radiation is used to destroy areas of the brain related to OCD Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Biomedical Therapies in Perspective Gene Therapy –Specific genes may be introduced to particular areas of the brain May reverse or prevent biochemical events that give rise to disorders Critics state that therapies merely provide relief of the symptoms and not the underlying problems –Side effects Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Community Psychology: Focus on Prevention Prevent or minimize the incidence of psychological disorders Deinstitutionalization –Transfer of former mental patient out of institutions and into the community Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc

Choosing the Right Therapist You should feel comfortable with your therapist Therapists should have appropriate training and credentials and should be licensed by appropriate state and local agencies You should feel that you are making progress after therapy has begun, despite occasional setbacks Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc