HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY Section 4 The Popular Revolution & Art Movements of the 20th Century

The Popular Revolution Invention of the half-tone printing process in the 1880’s Allowed pictures to be printed in newspapers and magazines Broke down images into series of dots, when viewed comprise our picture Allowed pictures to become part of everyday life Communicated story more effectively than just words alone George Eastman and the Kodak Company (1880’s) Invented the modern photographic industry Pioneered Roll film (LSM) Put affordable cameras in the hands of everyday people Allowed people to record everyday life – and the “snapshot” is born

George Eastman Became interested in Photography and sold “dry plates” Introduced “roll film” (1888) and later “transparent film” (1889) Kodak Company revolutionizes photography as an industry George Eastman aboard SS Galia-1890 (Kodak #2 snapshot-albumen print)

The Original Kodak camera Eastman Dry Plate and Film Co.- June 1888 Had Barrel shutter $25 retail price 50 or 100 image paper roll film Circular image “You press the button, we’ll do the rest”

The Original “Brownie” Eastman Kodak Co. -1900 Patent Date-4/11/1899 Production dates: 1900-1901 117 exposure roll film

The “Brownie Revolution” (1900-1950’s) Brownie #1 camera (above) ONLY $1 IN PRICE 1901-1904 production 117 exposure roll film Kodak snapshot-(right) Samuel Castner Jr. (1890)

More “Brownies” #2 Brownie- Eastman Kodak Co. (1904) Production 1904-1907 120 exposure roll film #3 Folding Brownie-Model D (1909) Eastman Kodak Co. production 1909-1915 124 exposure roll film Original Price $9-11

(back to artistic movements) THE PHOTO SECESSION Movement to break away from the Pictorialists Ideology: PHOTOGRAPHY IS ART, BUT NO MANIPULATION IS NECESSARY Photographic work can stand on its own as art - as long as photographer approaches it in an artistic way, using the conventions of art.

Alfred Steiglitz Father of Modern Photography Started out as pictorialist, but thought manipulation was not necessary to create artful photography Opened gallery 291 Promote art, and photography (often together) Emphasis on design concepts such as composition, shape, form, etc. Published “Camera Work” to promote the new art of photography. Established new modern aesthetic. Sunlight and Shadows-1889

Alfred Steiglitz The Terminal-1893 Venetian Boy-1887

Alfred Steiglitz Night, NY-1896 The Steerage-1907

Alfred Steiglitz Spring Showers, NY- 1901 Flat Iron Building NY- 1903

Alfred Steiglitz Winter, Fifth Avenue--1893 Georgia O’Keefe-Hands and Thimble -1919

Alfred Steiglitz Mountains and Sky, Lake George -1924 Equivalent-1931

STRAIGHT PHOTOGRAPHY Movement led by Paul Strand- Straight forward approach Focus is on composition, shape, line, and form Image is sharp, and in focus (no more blurry, soft-focus images) Beauty in everyday objects when captured by the artist’s eye Movement mirrored similar modernist movements in other art forms

Paul Strand White Picket Fence -1916

Paul Strand City Hall Park, NY-1915 Wall Street -1915

Paul Strand The Family - 1953 Blind-1916

Paul Strand The Lathe #3 - 1923 Leaves II - 1929

Imogen Cunningham

Imogen Cunningham

Imogen Cunningham

Edward Weston Cabbage Leaf - 1931

Edward Weston 1886-1958 Considered one of the most innovative and influential American photographers; and one of the greatest photographers who ever lived Developed a quintessentially American, and especially Californian, approach to modern photography Focused on the people and places of the American West Began as a pictorialist, then abandoned for a highly detailed photographic images

Edward Weston

Edward Weston

Edward Weston Pepper No. 30 Two Shells

Edward Weston

Ansel Adams Considered a ‘straight’ photographer Member of Group f/64 Seven San Francisco photographers who all believed in sharp, in-focus images (particularly from a western American viewpoint) Great Landscape Photographer Used burning/dodging to make pictures higher in contrast and drama

Ansel Adams Mono Lake Lake Macdonald

Ansel Adams Mt. McKinley Minarets

Ansel Adams Clearing After Storm

Ansel Adams “Clearing in Winter”

Ansel Adams Grand Tetons

Ansel Adams Moonrise, Hernandez

Ansel Adams Winter Sunrise

Ansel Adams Moon and Half-Dome

Ansel Adams Oak Tree, Snowstorm