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2 Resource Person Dr Allah Nawaz Topic DR ALLAH NAWAZ

3 is a SYSTEMATIC process of TOPIC-SELECTION & FORMULATION (definition of the topic), DATA- COLLECTION (on a particular topic), its ANALYSIS into INFORMATION and then PRESENTATION (communication) of the Findings for Different Purposes, for example: 2. Learning 1. Problem-solving 3. Intellectual Growth 1. Predefined STEPS 2. Predefined OUTPUTS of Every Step 1.Survival & 2.Development Why Research? 1.To Develop 2.To Improve 3.To Solve Problems SOCIAL RESAERCH BECOMES SCIENTIFIC BY BEING CONDUCTED SYSTEMATICALLY DR ALLAH NAWAZ

4 It is a set of: 1. Principles & Theories 3. Guidelines & Methods 2. A Framework for Conducting Research 4. A Model for Research as a Systematic Process For Example, Whether Research is a TECHNICAL or SOCIAL process. How to Develop a Research PROJECT? How to COLLECT & ANALYSE Data? Suggests STEPS and their DELIVERABLES or OUTPUTS DR ALLAH NAWAZ

5 Steps Activities Outputs 1 Topic Selection & Formulation Preliminary Literature Survey Problem Statement SOCIAL RESEARCH PROCESS 2 Data Collection Detailed Literature Survey Data Scattered Facts and Figures In Cards, Questionnaires & Interview Material. 3 Data Analysis Qualitative Analysis Descriptive & Inferential 4 Presentation Drafting Information Report Pilot Study (optional) Theoretical Framework Hypotheses Questionnaire Interview Observation Quantitative Analysis Organized Facts & Figures ready for Documentation Revising Composing ThesisPaper Book Research Project List of Working Concepts DR ALLAH NAWAZ

6 1 Topic Selection & Formulation Preliminary Literature Survey Problem Statement Pilot Study (optional) List of Working Concepts Theoretical Framework Hypotheses SOCIAL RESAERCH PROCESS means to: Academic Research 1. Understand the existing research on the topic 2. Extract Variables and Attributes of the topic 3. Find the relationships between Variables 4. Convert all this into a Theoretical Model for the Current Research Professional Research 1.Data is Available 2.Research Technology is Accessible 1.Leading Issue 2.Budgetary Constraints Research Project Problem Statement List of Working Concepts When Preliminary Literature Survey reveals that Existing Data on the Topic is not Enough to Develop a RESEARCH PROJECT or PROPOSAL then PILOT STUDY is used to Solve the Problem of Lack of Material for the Research Project Development. In a Pilot-Study researcher Prepares an Initial Questionnaire with Open-Ended Questions to Collect Data from the Field or Real-World and thereby Fill the Data requirements unfilled by the preliminary literature survey. Hypotheses DR ALLAH NAWAZ

7 1 Topic Selection & Formulation Preliminary Literature Survey Problem Statement Pilot Study (optional) Theoretical Framework Hypotheses SOCIAL RESAERCH PROCESS Research Project Problem-statement should be given in the form of a STATEMENT however, it can be expressed as QUESTION(S) or Mixed, for example, if the topic is “PATIENTS’ SATISFACTION FROM HEALTHCARE SERVICES IN DIK” Patients’ Satisfaction from Healthcare Services is universally determined by the Factors like Doctors, Medicine, Clinic, Fee & Prices etc. and the Demographic Attributes of the Patients however, readings Differ from context to context. The issues of this research are: How far the Patients are Satisfied from the same Factors in DIK and How their Demographics are influencing their attitude? Research Variables 1Satisfaction from DOCTOR 2Satisfaction from MEDICINE 3FEE 4PRICES 5CLINIC/HOSPITAL 6PARAMEDICS Demographics 1Age 2Education nGender Satisfaction from DOCTOR Satisfaction from MEDICINE Satisfaction from n Total Satisfaction DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES RESEARCH PROPOSAL/PROJECT 1INTRODUCTION 1.1Background 1.2Problem Statement 1.3Significance 1.4Hypothesis 2LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1Existing Research 2.2List of Variables 2.3Theoretical Framework 2.4List of Sub-Hypotheses 3RESARCH DESIGN 3.1Approach 3.2Population & Sample 3.3Data Collection & Analysis Tools 4SYNOPSIS OF THESIS 1Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 2Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3Chapter 3 RESEARCH DESIGN 4Chapter 4 FINDINGS 5Chapter 5 DISCUSSION 6Chapter 6 CONCLUSIONS References REFERENCES List of Working Concepts DR ALLAH NAWAZ

8 DATA SOURCES DR ALLAH NAWAZ DATA TYPES APPROACHES METHODS

9 Both Data and Information are Facts & Figures. Data are NOT Organized according to the Requirements of the Users, while Information is! Facts and Figures are Neither Data or Information by themselves! Secondary The facts & figures that are already available in the form of one or another Document is called Secondary data from secondary sources. For example, data from books, journals, reports etc. Secondary data can both be Qualitative and/or Quantitative. Primary When facts & figures are collected directly from the respondents through questionnaires, interviews or observation, they are called Primary data from Primary or ‘First-Hand’ sources. Again Primary data can both be Qualitative and/or Quantitative. DATA & INFORMATION DR ALLAH NAWAZ

10 At the broader level, Data are categorized into Qualitative and Quantitative. However, both are further subdivided into low level categories for the sake of Analysis & Interpretation. Qualitative data can be textual or pictorial while Quantitative data can be recorded at Nominal, Ordinal, Interval or Ratio Levels! Qualitative When Facts & Figures are available in the form of TEXT, GRAPHS, PICTURES, FIGURES, AUDIO&VIDIO, it is called Qualitative as it is about one or another Quality of Some Phenomenon. Quantitative When Data are made available in the form of NUMBERS, they are referred to Quantitative facts & figures. Qualities can be Converted into Numbers for the sake of Analysis and after analysis, they are reduced back into Qualities. LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT UniqueOrderDistanceOriginExamples 1Nominal  ×××Yes/No 2Ordinal  ××High/Medium/Low 3Interval  ×SDA SA 4Ratio  Age, Experience DR ALLAH NAWAZ

11 All of these APPROACHES can be used Separately or in the Same Study! SURVEY EXPERIMENT CASE STUDY OBSERVATION When the POPULATION of interest is Too LARGE to be CONTROLLED and included in the Study, Researchers use SAMPLES, which are REPRESENTATIVE of all the Diversities of the population. An EXPERIMENT may include total population or sample. It is used when the “Unit of Analysis” is in Full or Maximum CONTROL of the researcher. When researcher focuses on a Particular CASE. A Case can be an individual, group, organization, community as well as an issue, dispute etc. Both survey and experiments can be used in a case study. APPROACHES TO DATA COLLECTION DR ALLAH NAWAZ

12 The Variables and Attributes (Extracted from the Literature) are arranged into a Questionnaire. If neither Questionnaire nor interview is working then Observation is applied for data collection. The Questions which cannot be included in the Questionnaire are then asked in the interview. Detailed Literature Survey is commenced after topic selection and formulation. Multiple CARDS are prepared from different sources like Books, Research-Papers, Official Reports etc. All of these Methods can be used Separately or in the Same Study! LITERATURE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE INTERVIEW OBSERVATION METHODS DR ALLAH NAWAZ

13 SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE 5I am Satisfied from the DoctorSDA12345SA 6Doctor’s Behavior is Friendly.SDA12345SA 7Doctor pays full attention.SDA12345SA nQuestion n 10Medicine are Expensive (R)SDA12345SA 11Fake medicines are prevailing in the market. (R)SDA12345SA 12Medicines are Available Easily.SDA12345SA nQuestion n Satisfaction of Patients from Healthcare Facilities in DIK 1. Age: _________________________ 2. Gender: ______________________ 3. Education:____________________ 4. Income: ______________________ COMMENTS: ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ DEMOGRAPHICS RESEARCH QUESTIONS Closed Questions Open Question DR ALLAH NAWAZ

14 Thanks Dr Allah Nawaz Assistant Prof. Dept. of Public Admn, Gomal University, DIK DR ALLAH NAWAZ