What is the Point? Punctuation Part 1: Colon, Semi-colon, Ellipsis

How does the writer feel? Dear Jon, I want a man who knows what love is all about. You are generous, kind, thoughtful. People who are not like you admit to being useless and inferior. You have ruined me for other men. I yearn for you. I have no feelings whatsoever when we're apart. I can be forever happy -- will you let me be yours? Gloria

How does the writer feel? Dear Jon: I want a man who knows what love is. All about you are generous, kind, thoughtful people, who are not like you. Admit to being useless and inferior. You have ruined me. For other men, I yearn. For you, I have no feelings whatsoever. When we're apart, I can be forever happy. Will you let me be? Yours, Gloria

What is the point? Punctuation creates and clarifies meaning. Really? Yes, really!

What is the point? Punctuation creates impact – to drive home to the reader the message and meaning the writer wants to convey. There was only one way they could pass Higher English: study.

The colon is needed to introduce things: A list An explanation or example A quotation The Colon

Here’s a colon in context: “Rangers have plenty of friends for a team which has found itself accused of crimes against football. The 2008 UEFA Cup final is going to have the feel of a home match: their supporters will fill almost every nook and cranny, and it will be red, white and blue banners and flags hanging all around the City of Manchester stadium. It will be an occupation – the pocket of Zenit St Petersburg supporters will be swallowed up in the overall picture – by supporters unconcerned by the criticism which has rained down on their club’s campaign.

Analyse What is the function of the colon in the example? To introduce a list But we have to be more specific!

Analyse- and be specific! “… The 2008 UEFA Cup final is going to have the feel of a home match: their supporters will fill almost every nook and cranny, and it will be red, white and blue banners and flags hanging all around the City of Manchester stadium.” After the colon, the author provides a list explaining why the final will “have the feel of a home match”. He describes the different ways the ground will resemble Ibrox (the colours and flags) as well as how the supporters will contribute to this feel.

Another colon in context: “Most children are intensely competitive. They can turn anything into a contest: getting dressed, eating breakfast, breaking wind, behaving badly.”

Analyse What is the function of the colon in the example? To introduce a list But we have to be more specific!

Analyse - and be specific! They can turn anything into a contest: getting dressed, eating breakfast, breaking wind, behaving badly.” The list that the colon introduces is made up of examples of what children can make into a contest. The list begins with positive items and moves towards undesirable behaviour. The list after the colon helped to clarify that the fact that children can compete about anything, may not be an entirely good thing in practice.

Colon In your answer, always be specific about the impact of the use of a colon: -Does the pause created make the reader think / consider what the close of the sentence will be? -Does the list introduced clarify a point made? -What difference does the explanation make to the reader’s understanding?

For Practice: Why were so many women left single or widowed? The answer is simple: five hundred thousand British men were killed in the trenches. With no men left to marry, countless women were forced into the spinster role they so dreaded. How does the author’s use of sentence structure help clarify their argument?

Semi Colon ;

Semi-colon Semi-colons can join two sentences which are linked in subject matter to form one sentence (replacing “and”, “but” or other conjunctions). Semi-colons can separate items in a list, when the items in the list are already punctuated.

Semi colon in context “…say to the supermarkets: enough of your screwing down of prices to farmers and producers; enough of your misleading labelling and spurious nutritional information; enough of the systematic suffering of livestock in intensive systems; enough of your dirty, wasteful food miles.”

Analyse What is the function of the semi-colons in the example? To separate items in a list. But we have to be more specific!

Analyse and be specific: “…say to the supermarkets: enough of your screwing down of prices (…); enough of your misleading labelling (…); enough of the systematic suffering of livestock (…); enough of your dirty, wasteful food miles.” The semi-colons allow the writer to have long items in the list. Each item is a result of a complex frustration on the part of the consumer, who has had “enough” of the morally suspect practices of the supermarkets. Through the list, the reader is clear that there could be a barrage of demands directed at those in charge of the supermarkets.

Another Semi-colon in context “In the past decade, central London has lost another 15 per cent of its Olympic-size public swimming pools; during the same period local authorities have continued to flog off their sports fields with gay abandon.”

Analyse What is the function of the semi-colon in the example? To join two sentences which are linked in subject matter. But we have to be more specific!

Analyse and be specific “In the past decade, central London has lost another 15 per cent of its Olympic-size public swimming pools; during the same period local authorities have continued to flog off their sports fields with gay abandon.” Both parts of the sentence deal with a reduction in the sports facilities in London. The semi colon helps the reader to see that these losses occurred in parallel. The reader is made aware that London does not value its sports venues, as they are “lost”, and carelessly sold off.

Semi-colon In your answer, always be specific about the impact of the use of a semi-colon: -Is reader’s attention is drawn to the fact that the subject matter of the sentences linked by a semi-colon is similar? Why does the writer want you to make this connection? -Are the items separated by semi-colons complex? How does this relate to the subject matter? What impact does this have?

For Practice: Jane is the most contented and carefree woman I know. She has not long retired from a distinguished career as a genetic scientist; she has no dependents; she has an elegant house, plenty of friends, a season ticket for Scottish Opera, membership of a golf club and she travels the world - often to visit friends made on the international circuit of scientific conferences. Explain how the author’s use of sentence structure helps give the reader an accurate impression of Jane’s busy lifestyle. (2)

Ellipsis …

Ellipsis is used: To show that something is missing To indicate hesitation or pausing, usually of a speaker To show when a writer has trailed off without finishing.

Ellipsis in context Teri Hatcher said, “Women today are always struggling and being envious and trying to find worth and confidence in ourselves and there’s the illusion that somehow this is so fabulous and easy and … honest. It isn’t! We’re all the same underneath and at the end of the day we’re gonna be … dead!”

Analyse Ellipsis What is the function in the ellipsis in the example? To indicate hesitation or pausing, usually of a speaker But we have to be more specific!

Analyse and be specific “this is so fabulous and easy and … honest. It isn’t! We’re all the same underneath and at the end of the day we’re gonna be … dead!” The ellipsis indicates that the speaker is pausing. In the first instance we understand that the speaker is searching for the right word to express her meaning: “honest”. This honesty leads her to a realisation of human mortality. The writer uses ellipsis again to indicate a pause in Teri Hatcher’s speech – this time to hold back the unpleasant truth for a moment before she is “honest” to her listeners.

More Ellipsis in context “And some days during my preparation I had no appetite or nerve for it at all, when climbing was all slog and fear and trembling and wanting it to be over with, hating it. But other days…”

Analyse What is the function in the ellipsis in the example? To show when a writer has trailed off without finishing. But we have to be more specific!

Analyse and be specific! “climbing was all slog and fear and trembling and wanting it to be over with, hating it. But other days…” The ellipsis indicates that the writer has trailed off without finishing. He had been detailing the difficult aspects of climbing. Beginning the sentence with “But” indicates a change of direction. The ellipsis then allows the reader to imagine and anticipate the positive experiences he must have had on “other days”.

Ellipsis In your answer, always be specific about the impact of the use of ellipsis -Has the reader to imagine the missing words themselves? What would they be? -Have we to understand a person is nervous, thinking or struggling to express themselves?

To be continued…