Discussion Game Teams 7, 13, 23 2, 9, 30 8, 17, 21 5, 14, 29 6, 11, 25 4, 15, 28 3, 10, 24 12, 18, 27 1, 16, 22 19, 20, 26

What does the term “protozoa” mean? Question 1 What does the term “protozoa” mean? http://www.biologyreference.com/images/biol_04_img0381.jpg

Why are protozoans considered animal-like? Question 2 Why are protozoans considered animal-like? http://huntertrek.com/wp/2008/02/25/our-little-amoeba/

Kingdom Protista Plant-like Fungus-like Animal-like protozoa Phylum Zoomastigina Phylum Ciliophora Phylum Sarcodina Phylum Sporozoa http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m9425n9qAW1qievavo1_1280.jpg

Question 3 What is the basis for classifying protozoa into the four different phyla? Trichomonas vaginalis Zoomastigina Euplotes and Stolonychia Ciliophora Amoeba proteus Sarcodina Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes Sporozoa http://www.innermostsecrets.com/Images/FIGvaginalis02.jpg , http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/cilidr.html, http://library.thinkquest.org/10952/students/2-truc/AMOEBA.GIF, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_falciparum_01.png

What structure do members of P. Zoomastigina use to move around? Question 4 What structure do members of P. Zoomastigina use to move around? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5FXWvlJ2mk

Phylum Zoomastigina Gr. mastix, “whip” movement: flagella feeding: absorbs food through CM habitat lakes, streams solitary, colonial free-living, symbiotic (some parasitic) reproduction: binary fission, meiosis importance: symbionts, food sources in aquatic systems, decomposers Symbiotic relationship: Trichonympha in termites

Question 5 Termites provide the Trichonympha with shelter and nutrients, in return, these protists digest an important carbohydrate in the termite diet. What is this carbohydrate called? http://www.sfu.ca/~fankbone/v/termitesym.jpg

Which zooflagellate causes African sleeping sickness? Question 6 Which zooflagellate causes African sleeping sickness?

Trypanosomiasis a.k.a. African sleeping sickness Pathogen: Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (West African sleeping sickness) Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (East African sleeping sickness) Vector: Glossina, tsetse fly

Trichomonas infection Pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis Transmission sexual activity; more common in women w/ multiple sexual partners

What structure do members of P. Ciliophora use to move around? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ogFBAoZjo8 Question 7 What structure do members of P. Ciliophora use to move around?

What is the purpose of the pointed structure? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pahUt0RCKYc Question 8 What is the purpose of the pointed structure?

Question 9 Which organelle contains chemicals that aid ciliates in digesting their food intracellularly?

Phylum Ciliophora habitat feeding: fresh/saltwater mostly free-living w/ contractile vacuole mostly free-living feeding: cilia pushes food  gullet  food vacuoles  food vacuole + lysosome  digestion and circulation  waste mat’ls  anal pore What is the contractile vacuole for? Gets rid of excess water Why is there a possibility of having EXCESS WATER inside the organism? Freshwater environment has lower solute concentration than internal cell environment Gullet: indentation in one side of the organism Food vacuoles: found at the base of the gullet Lysosomes: contains digestive enzymes http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/lmcgee/protistpictures/AP_Chpt_28_Protists/Paramecium-diagram-labeled.gif

What do you call the reproductive process shown here? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzA5w7qxwg0 Question 10 What do you call the reproductive process shown here?

What do you call the reproductive process shown here? Question 11 What do you call the reproductive process shown here?

Phylum Ciliophora reproduction: binary fission conjugation sexual reproduction process process involves micronuclei: 2 paramecia attach 2n micronucleus: meiosis  mitosis paramecia exchange micronuclei Paramecia - http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=OLIH020P&File_type=GIF Diagram - http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?ch=2&id=280 Conjugation Occurs when organism is under stress Process: 2 paramecia attach  2N micronuc: meiosis then mitosis  paramecia exchange micronuc 2 paramecia of different mating types are of same appearance but different genetic composition How would you compare the 2 paramecia at the START and at the END of conjugation? Start: paramecia genetically different; end: paramecia genetically identical Why is conjugation considered a sexual PROCESS instead of sexual REPRODUCTION? Not REPRODUCTION, because no new individual is formed What is the significance of this process?  genetic diversity (new genetic combinations are produced) What is the macronucleus for? Cellular metabolism and growth (what nuclei are for!) http://members.multimania.co.uk/wbiolab/images/Paramecium%20Sexual%20Reproduction%20-%20Conjugation.gif

What do you call protective cells of the paramecium shown here? Question 12 What do you call protective cells of the paramecium shown here?

Phylum Ciliophora defense: trichocysts small, bottle-shaped structures found just below the surface Conjugation Occurs when organism is under stress Process: 2 paramecia attach  2N micronuc: meiosis then mitosis  paramecia exchange micronuc 2 paramecia of different mating types are of same appearance but different genetic composition How would you compare the 2 paramecia at the START and at the END of conjugation? Start: paramecia genetically different; end: paramecia genetically identical Why is conjugation considered a sexual PROCESS instead of sexual REPRODUCTION? Not REPRODUCTION, because no new individual is formed What is the significance of this process?  genetic diversity (new genetic combinations are produced) What is the macronucleus for? Cellular metabolism and growth (what nuclei are for!) http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/parameciumtrichocysts2b.jpg, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMWQL4B4YCA

What structure do members of P. Sarcodina use to move around? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ogFBAoZjo8 Question 13 What structure do members of P. Sarcodina use to move around?

Phylum Sarcodina Amoeba movement: amoeboid pseudopodia and cytoplasmic streaming habitat: fresh/saltwater most free-living, some parasitic feeding: phagocytosis meal surrounded by pseudopods food taken into cell, into food vacuole reproduction: binary fission Habitat: warmer regions of the ocean As plankton, w/ symbiotic algae that live beneath shells Attached to rocks and algae http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk

What material makes up the foram shell? http://www.biologyjunction.com/protozoan_notes_b1.htm Question 14 What material makes up the foram shell?

Phylum Sarcodina Foraminiferans L. foramen, “little hole” + ferre, “to bear” habitat: warmer regions of the ocean test: porous shell made of CaCO3 feeding: pseudopods projecting from pores in test form a sticky, interconnected net that entangles prey Shells are deposited on ocean floor when they die Ex. white chalk cliffs of Dover, England Significance to oil exploration? Forams in the White Cliffs of Dover in England

What material makes up the radiolarian shell? http://www.biologyjunction.com/protozoan_notes_b1.htm Question 15 What material makes up the radiolarian shell?

Phylum Sarcodina Heliozoans/Radiolarians habitat: mostly freshwater test: porous shell made of SiO2 “sun animals”: due to appearance of pseudopods

Amoebiasis / Amoebic dysentery Pathogen: Entamoeba histolytica

Amoebiasis, Amoebic dysentery Transmission  By putting anything into your mouth that has touched the stool of a person who is infected with E. histolytica.  By swallowing something, such as water or food, that is contaminated with E. histolytica.  By touching and bringing to your mouth cysts (eggs) picked up from surfaces that are contaminated with E. histolytica. Symptoms  One in 10 people becomes sick from infection by E. histolytica  Loose stools, stomach pain, stomach cramping  Amebic dysentery: severe form of amebiasis associated with stomach pain, bloody stools, and fever.  Rare: abscess in liver; infection of lungs or brain

Acanthamoeba infection Pathogen A. culbertsoni, A. polyphaga, A Acanthamoeba infection Pathogen A. culbertsoni, A. polyphaga, A. castellanii,A. healyi, (A. astronyxis), A. hatchetti, A. rhysodes, and possibly others.

Acanthamoeba infection How does infection with Acanthamoeba occur?  Acanthamoeba can enter the skin through a cut, wound, or through the nostrils.  Amoebas can travel to the lungs and through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, especially the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).  Through improper storage, handling, and disinfection of contact lenses, Acanthamoeba can enter the eye and cause a serious infection.

What structure do members of P. Sporozoa use to move around? http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/5/5a/5963_lores.jpg/350px-5963_lores.jpg Question 15 What structure do members of P. Sporozoa use to move around?

Phylum Sporozoa movement: non-motile habitat: inside hosts (worms, fish, birds, humans) feeding attach and feed by means of an apical complex http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/14465688/f6_baum_nrmicro1465-f1.jpg

Phylum Sporozoa reproduction: mostly complex life cycle may involve >1 host release sporozoites: tiny infectious cells http://www.niaid.nih.gov/SiteCollectionImages/topics/malaria/lifecycleWeb.jpg

Malaria Pathogen Vector Plasmodium falciparum (can be fatal), female Anopheles P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae

Malaria Transmission  Infected Anopheles bites human, injects saliva containing Plasmodium  Plasmodium sporozoites enter bloodstream, infect RBCs and liver cells where they multiply rapidly  Infected cells burst and release toxins into bloodstream Symptoms  Released toxins cause fever, chills, flu-like symptoms

Malaria Incidence

Malaria Incidence  Tropical/subtropical regions temp allows Anopheles to thrive temp needed by parasites to complete growth w/in mosquito  According the the WHO: 300-500M cases/year ~1-2M deaths/year  one of the leading causes of death  Africa: 1 child/30 sec.

Malaria Eradication  Eradicated from developed countries w/ temperate climate  Major health problem in developing countries and in tropical/subtropical parts of the world  Problems w/ eradication campaigns: 1. Resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides 2. Resistance of parasites to drugs 3. Administrative issues

Interesting websites: (and two of the sources for this lecture) Center for Disease Control’s Division of Parasitic Diseases Parasites and Health Webpage http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Para_Health.htm Center for Disease Control’s Malaria Webpage http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/