Careers in Cartogr aphy

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE & SYSTEMS GIS is a relatively broad term, that can refer to a number of technologies, processes, etc. GIS is a relatively broad term, that can refer to a number of technologies, processes, etc. It is attached to many operations, in mapping, engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics and analysis. It is attached to many operations, in mapping, engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics and analysis. ►

EARLY APPLICATION French geographer Charles Picquet represented the 48 districts of the city of Paris by a color gradient that changed according to the percentage of death by cholera per 1,000 inhabitants French geographer Charles Picquet represented the 48 districts of the city of Paris by a color gradient that changed according to the percentage of death by cholera per 1,000 inhabitants. First known use of mapping techniques to track diseases. First known use of mapping techniques to track diseases.

EARLY APPLICATION (cont.) 1854 – John Snow depicted a cholera outbreak in London using points to represent the locations of some individual cases – John Snow depicted a cholera outbreak in London using points to represent the locations of some individual cases. His study of the distribution of cholera led to the source of the disease, a contaminated public water pump. His study of the distribution of cholera led to the source of the disease, a contaminated public water pump.

Example of Snow’s Cholera outbreak map Each point indicates a case of the disease

ADVANCEMENTS Early 20th century - development of photozincography. Early 20th century - development of photozincography. Method for the accurate reproduction of images, manuscript text and outline engravings. Method for the accurate reproduction of images, manuscript text and outline engravings. Allowed maps to be split into layers and stacked accurately. Allowed maps to be split into layers and stacked accurately. For example: Layer 1 - social factors Layer 2 - biodiversity

LAYERED MULTI-INFORMATION MAP

PHOTOZINCOGRAPHIC PLATE

CONTOUR LINES IN MAPS

START OF GIS Development of the world's first true operational GIS in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Development of the world's first true operational GIS in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Federal Department of Forestry and Rural Development developed the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS). Federal Department of Forestry and Rural Development developed the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS). Used to store, analyze, and manipulate data collected for the Canada Land Inventory. Used to store, analyze, and manipulate data collected for the Canada Land Inventory. Purpose - determine the land capability for rural Canada. Purpose - determine the land capability for rural Canada. Map information about soils, agriculture, recreation, wildlife, waterfowl, forestry, and land use at a scale of 1:50,000. A rating classification factor was also added to permit analysis. Map information about soils, agriculture, recreation, wildlife, waterfowl, forestry, and land use at a scale of 1:50,000. A rating classification factor was also added to permit analysis.

CANADIAN CLASSIFICATION OF LAND

CANADIAN SOIL CLASSES 1 No significant limitations in use for crops. 1 No significant limitations in use for crops. 1 2 Moderate limitations that restrict the range of crops or require 2 Moderate limitations that restrict the range of crops or require 2 moderate conservation practices. moderate conservation practices. 3 Moderately severe limitations that restrict the range of crops 3 Moderately severe limitations that restrict the range of crops 3 or require special conservation practices. or require special conservation practices. 4 Severe limitations that restrict the range of crops or 4 Severe limitations that restrict the range of crops or 4 require special conservation practices. require special conservation practices. 5 Severe limitations that restrict capability in producing 5 Severe limitations that restrict capability in producing 5 perennial forage crops, and improvement practices are feasible. perennial forage crops, and improvement practices are feasible. 6 Capable only of producing perennial forage crops, and 6 Capable only of producing perennial forage crops, and 6 improvement practices are not feasible. improvement practices are not feasible. 7 No capacity for arable culture or permanent pasture. 7 No capacity for arable culture or permanent pasture. 7 0 Organic Soils (not placed in capability classes). 0 Organic Soils (not placed in capability classes). 0

START OF GIS (cont.) CGIS -provided capabilities for: CGIS -provided capabilities for: OverlayOverlay MeasurementMeasurement DigitalizingDigitalizing ScanningScanning Supported a national coordinate system.Supported a national coordinate system. Coded lines (arcs) with true embedded topology.Coded lines (arcs) with true embedded topology. Stored attribute and location information in separate files.Stored attribute and location information in separate files.

START OF GIS (cont.) 1964 – Formation of the Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis at Harvard Graduate School of Design – Formation of the Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis at Harvard Graduate School of Design. Development of important theoretical concepts in spatial data handling. Development of important theoretical concepts in spatial data handling. 1970’s – distribution of software code and systems, such as SYMAP, GRID, and ODYSSEY to universities, research centers. 1970’s – distribution of software code and systems, such as SYMAP, GRID, and ODYSSEY to universities, research centers. Basis of subsequent commercial development. Basis of subsequent commercial development.

START OF GIS (cont.) End 20th cent. – Various systems consolidated and standardized. End 20th cent. – Various systems consolidated and standardized. Some users beginning to explore viewing GIS data over the Internet. Some users beginning to explore viewing GIS data over the Internet. Need for standards in data format and transfer standards. Need for standards in data format and transfer standards. Growing number of free, open-source GIS packages that run in many operating systems. Growing number of free, open-source GIS packages that run in many operating systems. Can be customized to perform specific tasks. Can be customized to perform specific tasks. Geospatial data and mapping applications are available via the WWW. Geospatial data and mapping applications are available via the WWW.

DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING

MAP MAKING TODAY Geographical Information Systems Designed to: Capture Store Manipulate Analyze Manage Present All types of geographical data.

GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION STUDIES Academic discipline or career of working with geographic information systems. Academic discipline or career of working with geographic information systems. Merging of cartography, statistical analysis and database technology. Merging of cartography, statistical analysis and database technology. Graduate school: Graduate school: Technician certificationTechnician certification Masters degreeMasters degree

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CAREERS Commercial Pilot Pilot Aerial Photographer/Data Acquisition Aerial Photographer/Data Acquisition Software Developer/Manager Software Developer/Manager Custom GIS Designer Custom GIS Designer Project Developer/Manager Project Developer/Manager GIS Technician GIS Technician Data Analyzer Data Analyzer Surveyor Surveyor Draftsman (CAD, GIS) Draftsman (CAD, GIS) Imaging/Visualization Designer/Engineer Imaging/Visualization Designer/Engineer

CAREERS Military Surveillance Surveillance Intelligence/Counterintelligence Intelligence/Counterintelligence Target Acquisition Target Acquisition Resources Deployment Resources Deployment Campaign Planner/Developer/Manager Campaign Planner/Developer/Manager Security Security Mission Monitoring Mission Monitoring

CAREERS Government & Academia Archeologist Archeologist Natural Resources Management Natural Resources Management Flood Prevention and Control Flood Prevention and Control City & Suburbs Development City & Suburbs Development Transportation Planner Transportation Planner Infrastructure Planning and Monitoring Infrastructure Planning and Monitoring Public Safety (CERT, FEMA) Public Safety (CERT, FEMA) Oceanographer Oceanographer Law Enforcement Law Enforcement Crime Prevention & Forecasting Crime Prevention & Forecasting

GIS PRODUCTS COMPANIES ESRI – Environmental Systems Research Institute ESRI – Environmental Systems Research Institute GIS software developer and distributor GIS software developer and distributor Fugro EarthData – Collect, process, interpret Earth resources. Broadmap – Custom made, GIS products. Fugro EarthData – Collect, process, interpret Earth resources. Broadmap – Custom made, GIS products. Geo Smartz – digital mapping. Geo Smartz – digital mapping. DeLorme – consumer map and mapping products. DeLorme – consumer map and mapping products. Navteg – electronic navigation maps. Navteg – electronic navigation maps. Leica Geosystems – surveying and geographical Leica Geosystems – surveying and geographical measurement products. measurement products. AND MANY, MANY MORE

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