Democratic Reform and Activism

British Reforms Early 1800s only 5% could vote (rich) Suffrage movement began with middle class men Reform Bill of 1832 made voting available to middle class men-response to French violence & revolutionaries

The Chartist Movement Popular Movement among workers who were not given the vote Based on the People’s Charter Suffrage for all men Secret ballot All British men had vote by 1884

Women’s Suffrage Movement for women to be given right to vote Peaceful efforts gave way to militant New Zealand (1893) and Australia (1902) first countries Wyoming 1869 U.S. and Britain—not until post-WWI

French Issues 1871-1914 averaged almost 1 change of government per year The Third Republic—lasted nearly 60 years, but very unstable & France remained divided 1880s & 90s, republic threatened by monarchists, aristocrats, clergy, & army Anti-semitism played role in instablility—Dreyfus affair was battleground for this

Zionist Movement Jewish people facing discrimination (anti-Semitism) in Europe sought safe homes Zionist movement to establish Israel as Jewish homeland in Palestine Based on historic beliefs of homeland Theodor Herzl led

Activist Movements