Blastocyst Morula Cleavage Zygote Fertilization 2 3 1 4 Fallopian tube Developing follicles 5 6 7 Uterine wall Implantation beginning Ovulation Uterus Mature follicle Ovary Cervix Vagina

Implantation of the Embryo The Germinal Stage of Prenatal Development Zygote Implantation of the Embryo Fallopian tube Fallopian tube Ovary Ovary Uterus Embryo joined to uterine wall Cervix Vagina Blastocyst

Development During the Embryonic and Fetal Stages 15 weeks 4 weeks 6 ½ weeks 7 weeks 9 weeks

Uterine wall Centrifuge Chorion Placenta Amniotic fluid Cells Cell culture Cell Amniotic fluid Biochemical tests Chromosome analysis

Embryonic period (in weeks) Fetal period (in weeks) Full term 3 4 5 6 7 8 12 16 20 36 38 Brain Central nervous Eye system Ear Palate Ear Heart Eye Arm Heart Leg Teeth External genitalia Central nervous system Heart Arms Eyes Legs Teeth Palate External genitalia Ear Period when major Period when minor defect or abnormality occurs abnormality occurs

Occupation Hazardous Substances Cleaning Personnel Electronic Assemblers Hair Dressers and Cosmetologists Health Personnel Painters Photographic Processors Plastic Workers Printing Personnel Textile and Garment Workers Transportation Personnel Soaps, detergents, solvents Lead, tin, antimony, trichloroethylene, methyl chloride, resins Hair-spray resins, aerosol propellants, solvents, dyes Anesthetic gases, x-rays, laboratory chemicals Lead, titanium, toluene Caustics, bromides, iodides, silver nitrate Formaldehyde, vinyl chloride Ink mists, methanol, carbon tetrachloride, lead, solvents, trichloroethylene Formadehyde, dyes, asbestos, solvents, flame retardants Carbon monoxide, lead

Leafy vegetables, liver Fortified dairy products Meats, eggs, grains Nutritional Need Differences Between Nonpregnant and Pregnant Women (24 years old) Nutrient Folic acid Vitamin D Iron Calcium Phosphorus Pyridoxine Thiamin Zinc Riboflavin Protein Iodine Vitamin C Energy Magnesium Niacin Vitamin B-12 Vitamin A Nonpregnant Pregnant 400 mcg 10mg 30 mg 1200 mg 2.2 mg 1.5 mg 15 mg 1.6 mg 60 g 175 mcg 70 mg 2500 kcal 320 mg 17 mg 2.2 mcg 800 mg Percent Increase +122 +100 +50 +38 +36 +25 +23 +20 +17 +14 +13 +10 Dietary Sources Leafy vegetables, liver Fortified dairy products Meats, eggs, grains Dairy products Meats Meats, liver, enriched grains Enriched grains, pork Meats, seafood, eggs Meats, fish, poultry, dairy Iodized salt, seafood Citrus fruits, tomatoes Proteins, fats, carbohydrates Seafood, legumes, grains Meats, nuts, legumes Animal proteins Dark green, yellow, or orange fruits and vegetables, liver 180 mcg 5 mg 15 mg 800 mg 1.6 mg 1.1 mg 12 mg 1.3 mg 50 g 150 mcg 60 mg 2200 kcal 280 mg 2.0mcg 800mg Source: Data from Reece et al., 1995.

Spine Bladder Pubic bone Potential width of Cervix birth canal Vagina Coccyx Rectum The baby in the uterus before labor Water about to break (The baby's head now rests inside the cervix) Transition: The baby in the birth canal STAGE 1 The baby about to be born The head rotates sideways after it emerges The delivery of the placenta STAGE 2 STAGE 3

Prenatal Risk Factors Genetic Abnormalities (Down Syndrome, PKU, Huntington’s Disease, Sickle Cell, etc.) Teratogen Exposure (alcohol, drugs, AIDS, DES, tobacco, Thalidomide, etc.) Maternal Age (Over 40 or under 18) Maternal Malnutrition Low SES Lack of Prenatal Care 5