Architect: KHR A/S E.Phil & Son AS headquarters NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Building Presentation (1...)

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up E. Pihl & Son is a major contractor in Denmark. The company Headquarters is located in Lyngby, about 10 kilometres north of Copenhagen City in a suburban environment. The office building was completed in 1993/94. The building is a three-storey office building. The building is angled in a diagonal symmetry. The corridors are sky-lit galleries. The building is specifically designed for natural ventilation. The facade of the building is brickwork and glass while the roof and the internal walls are in situ concrete. The floor area is about m m 2 (75%) is offices and meeting rooms 400 m 2 (15%) is circulation area 200 m 2 is canteen and 100 m 2 is toilets and cloakrooms Building presentation (2...)

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-upCanteen 2-storey foyer Office wing, north- west facade Building presentation (3...)

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Building presentation (4...) typical floor plan Corridors with skylights Canteen Two-storey foyer with glazed facade Main entrance

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Building presentation (5|) internal view Generally the internal concrete walls and ceilings are exposed. The thermal mass of the building can be characterised as heavy. Internal steel frames support stairways, skylights, fittings and other permanent furnishings

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up E. Pihl & Son required an office building of high quality and the technical installations should be simple and hidden yet effective and advanced. The building is specifically designed for natural ventilation. In the design stage for the ventilation the architects and engineers took into account: not only the thermally generated pressures, but also the wind induced pressures. Knowledge and ideas from traditional buildings in the tropics were taken into consideration including the principles developed for the Danish pavilion at the Sevilla fair. Ventilation strategy & aims (1...)

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Ventilation strategy (2...) for summer comfort In summertime the risk of overheating is reduced by intensive ventilation: The intensive ventilation is completely natural and is based on the opening of windows in the façade. Mechanical ventilation is only used in the meeting rooms, toilets, canteen and main foyer The windows are partly controlled mechanically and partly controlled automatically. The intensive ventilation of the offices is based on cross ventilation and single sided ventilation (when the internal doors are closed). Under certain conditions the vertical skylights open automatically. In which case stack effects are one of the driving natural forces. During periods when stack effects are not strong enough to drive the natural ventilation regime, two extraction fans on the roof are turned on. Under extreme conditions, the system is fan-assisted. The solar gains are reduced to a certain degree by the use of internal blinds.

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Ventilation strategy (3...) for summer comfort The ordinary windows in the offices are manually controlled. The windows must be closed during night-time due to security reasons. Vertical openings in the skylights and... Roof fans are automatically activated at an internal temperature of 26 °C measured in the two-storey foyer …ventilation openings located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windows in the offices are equipped with electronic actuators. The openings can be left open during night-time.

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Ventilation strategy (4...) for indoor air quality The indoor air quality during the office hours in winter and summer time is controlled by the occupants: Occupants can improve the air quality by opening the windows. There is no automatic control related to the IAQ. Manually controlled openable windows

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Ventilation devices - OFFICES: specially designed multi-position ventilation openings: located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windows motorised for manual and automatic control Ventilation devices - CORRIDORS: openable skylights: motorised for both manual and automatic control two extract fans located on the roof integrated with the skylights intended for use in case the natural driving forces are insufficient The control system (I-BUS, “intelligent house”) controls: the ventilation openings the heating system the artificial lighting the solar shading Ventilation technology (5...)

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up High positioned, motorised ventilation openings... Ventilation technology (6...) open plan office …located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windows

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up In the offices, internal solar shading is motorised aluminium blinds Ventilation technology (7...) single office Most offices facing north-west have large highly glazed facades. Motorised ventilation openings... … and manually controlled openable windows

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Vertical skylight in the open position (~45  ) One of two extract fans located on the roof Ventilation technology (8|) corridors

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Office 1 Office 2 Office 3 Office 5 Investigated offices: Five offices on the second floor were chosen for the monitoring Office 1: 20 m 2 cellular office Office 2: Office 3: 14 m 2 each Office 4: Office 5: 16 m 2, 2 persons Office 4

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Summer monitoring (1...) Indoor (average of 4 offices) & outdoor temperatures during a three months period Text. Tint. The internal temperatures is often > 25°C and even > 28°C, while the external temperature is far much lower.

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Summer monitoring (2...) measurements in office 1 Tint. Air Supply = Intensive night ventilation ( up to 15 l/s.m²). Text.

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Summer monitoring (3...) results of measurements in office 1 Tint. CO 2 -conc. Air Supply The IAQ during the office hours is good: The CO 2 -concentrations are very low: max.450 ppm (= far below the limit concentration of 1200ppm) due to the quite high air supply (intensive ventilation). During the weekend the internal CO 2 -concentration equals the outdoor CO 2 -conc: no occupation.

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their office. One questionnaire concerned the summer season in general and the other concerned one week in particular (in the summer season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out. Each occupant indicated his/her rating of each of the conditions (temperature, air movement etc.) by placing vertical marks on dimensionless, horizontal lines of equal length ranging from most positive (comfortable, fresh etc.) to most negative (uncomfortable, stuffy etc.). The rating is quantified by measuring (in millimetres) the distance along each line from most positive to the occupant’s mark. For practical purposes, the ratings have been converted into the range The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the summer season in general. Summer monitoring (4…) Questionnaires

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Temperature Air movement Air quality Odour intensity Acceptability Light Noise Overall comfort Averages of about 50 occupants ratings of various environmental conditions in their office during working hours. Summer monitoring (5...) Questionnaires Due to internal noise

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Thermal comfort in summer: Despite the intensive ventilation, internal temperatures are often too high (>28°C). This problem is due to: Large solar gains: the building has large glazed areas and limited shading device (internal blinds) Problems with the control system were encountered. Most problematic was it, that the automatic opening of both the skylights and the vents in the offices was unreliable, leading to an inefficient night-time cooling effect and hence, elevated temperatures in the offices from early morning. Summer monitoring (6...) Findings

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Thermal comfort in summer: … However, the occupants expressed only limited dissatisfaction with the thermal environment. Presumably, the occupants themselves, together with the manager in charge of the technical installations, were able to manually control both the ventilation openings and the internal blinds and thereby quickly obtain acceptable conditions. High internal air velocities can partly compensate for the high indoor temperature. The high level of user satisfaction is attributable to the availability of manuals controls. Indoor Air Quality: The IAQ can be considered as good: The measured CO 2 - concentrations are low. Summer monitoring (7|) Findings

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Winter monitoring (1...) Indoor (average of 4 offices) & outdoor temperatures during a two months period Text. Tint. The internal temperature is comfortable (21°C-23°C). During the weekends the heating power is reduced.

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up CO 2 concentration outdoor and indoor. Indoor CO 2 is averaged from recordings taken simultaneously in office 3, 4 and 5. Winter monitoring (2...) CO 2 concentration Outdoor CO 2 -conc. Indoor CO 2 -conc. The IAQ during the office hours is good: The CO 2 -concentrations are below the limit concentration of 1200ppm. During the weekend the internal CO 2 -concentration equals the outdoor CO 2 -concentration

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Winter monitoring (3...) results of measurements in office 5 Limited air supply, to control the IAQ The IAQ during the office hours is acceptable: The indoor CO 2 -concentrations are below the limit concentration of 1200ppm. Outdoor CO 2 -conc. Indoor CO 2 -conc. Air supply During the weekend the air supply could be more limited, to reduce the energy losses

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Winter monitoring (4...) Questionnaires In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their office. One questionnaire concerned the winter season in general and the other concerned one week in particular (in the winter season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out. Each occupant indicated his/her rating of each of the conditions (temperature, air movement etc.) by placing vertical marks on dimensionless, horizontal lines of equal length ranging from most positive (comfortable, fresh etc.) to most negative (uncomfortable, stuffy etc.). The rating is quantified by measuring (in millimetres) the distance along each line from most positive to the occupant’s mark. For practical purposes, the ratings have been converted into the range The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the winter season in general. In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their office. One questionnaire concerned the winter season in general and the other concerned one week in particular (in the winter season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out. Each occupant indicated his/her rating of each of the conditions (temperature, air movement etc.) by placing vertical marks on dimensionless, horizontal lines of equal length ranging from most positive (comfortable, fresh etc.) to most negative (uncomfortable, stuffy etc.). The rating is quantified by measuring (in millimetres) the distance along each line from most positive to the occupant’s mark. For practical purposes, the ratings have been converted into the range The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the winter season in general.

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Averages of about 75 occupants ratings of various environmental conditions in their office during working hours: Temperature Air movement Air quality Odour intensity Acceptability Light Noise Overall comfort Winter monitoring (5...) Questionnaires

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Winter indoor conditions are comfortable During occupancy period the indoor temperature in the offices is between 21 and 23 ºC, the CO 2 concentration is about ppm and outdoor supply equals air change rates of about 2-5 times per hour. During weekends and out of office hours the indoor temperature drops to about 20 ºC, the CO 2 concentration to near background level (400 ppm) and the air supply to close to zero. However the energy consumption can be optimised by reducing the ventilation losses during the weekends. The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summer-time. In the summer-time, the thermal comfort is more critical than during the winter. Winter indoor conditions are comfortable During occupancy period the indoor temperature in the offices is between 21 and 23 ºC, the CO 2 concentration is about ppm and outdoor supply equals air change rates of about 2-5 times per hour. During weekends and out of office hours the indoor temperature drops to about 20 ºC, the CO 2 concentration to near background level (400 ppm) and the air supply to close to zero. However the energy consumption can be optimised by reducing the ventilation losses during the weekends. The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summer-time. In the summer-time, the thermal comfort is more critical than during the winter. Winter monitoring (6|) Findings

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Conclusions (1...) Findings from summer monitoring Thermal summer comfort: Despite the high ventilation levels, internal temperatures are frequently too high (>28°C). This problem is due to: Large solar gains: the building has large glazed areas and limited shading device (internal blinds) Problems with the control system were encountered. Most problematic was it, that the automatic opening of both the skylights and the vents in the offices was unreliable, leading to an inefficient night-time cooling effect and hence, elevated temperatures in the offices from early morning. Findings from summer monitoring Thermal summer comfort: Despite the high ventilation levels, internal temperatures are frequently too high (>28°C). This problem is due to: Large solar gains: the building has large glazed areas and limited shading device (internal blinds) Problems with the control system were encountered. Most problematic was it, that the automatic opening of both the skylights and the vents in the offices was unreliable, leading to an inefficient night-time cooling effect and hence, elevated temperatures in the offices from early morning.

NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up NatVent Conclusions (2|) Findings from winter monitoring Winter indoor conditions are comfortable During occupancy period the indoor temperature in the offices is between 21 and 23 ºC, the CO 2 concentration is about ppm and fresh air supplies between 2 and 5 air changes per hour. During weekends and out of office hours the indoor temperature drops to about 20 ºC, the CO 2 concentration to near background level (400 ppm) and the air supply to close to zero. However the energy consumption can be optimised by reducing the ventilation losses during the weekends. The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summer-time.In the summer-time, thermal comfort is more critical than during the winter. Findings from winter monitoring Winter indoor conditions are comfortable During occupancy period the indoor temperature in the offices is between 21 and 23 ºC, the CO 2 concentration is about ppm and fresh air supplies between 2 and 5 air changes per hour. During weekends and out of office hours the indoor temperature drops to about 20 ºC, the CO 2 concentration to near background level (400 ppm) and the air supply to close to zero. However the energy consumption can be optimised by reducing the ventilation losses during the weekends. The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summer-time.In the summer-time, thermal comfort is more critical than during the winter.

More information... NatVent Back to “Select a building” Back to “Select a building” Presentation of the building Presentation of the building Ventilation strategy & technology Ventilation strategy & technology Conclusions E. Pihl & Son AS Building E. Pihl & Son AS Building More information... More information... Summer monitoring Summer monitoring Winter monitoring Winter monitoring Monitoring set-up Monitoring set-up Find more information on the PROBE building in the following documents: \Reports \Monitoring Reports \Summary Reports\dk1summ.pdf global presentation of the buildings (  4p./building) contents: building description - ventilation strategy and technology - winter and summer monitoring results - conclusions \Reports \Monitoring Reports \Detailed Reports\dk1det.pdf detailed reports of all 19 monitoring campaigns (  20p./campaign) contents: monitoring set up - analysis of results - conclusions Find more information on the PROBE building in the following documents: \Reports \Monitoring Reports \Summary Reports\dk1summ.pdf global presentation of the buildings (  4p./building) contents: building description - ventilation strategy and technology - winter and summer monitoring results - conclusions \Reports \Monitoring Reports \Detailed Reports\dk1det.pdf detailed reports of all 19 monitoring campaigns (  20p./campaign) contents: monitoring set up - analysis of results - conclusions You can read and print pdf-files with the Acrobat® Reader ®3.0. Program. This program is free. Download it from the Acrobat web site: OR run the installation file ar32e301(1).exe in the directory \Installation You can read and print pdf-files with the Acrobat® Reader ®3.0. Program. This program is free. Download it from the Acrobat web site: OR run the installation file ar32e301(1).exe in the directory \Installation