MIDI Extensions, alternatives

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Presentation transcript:

MIDI Extensions, alternatives Musical Information 1B MIDI Extensions, alternatives Music 253/CS 275A Stanford University

Widely acknowledged shortcomings Pitch Diatonic scale Non-Western Non-equally tempered Interpretation of accidentals (inflections) Blues scale Modes vs. chromatic scale CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Mapping (or not) to the chromatic scale Diatonic=8 tones Chromatic=12 tones Pentatonic=5 tones Lady playing tanpura, c. 1735 CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field Widely acknowledged shortcomings Durations Ties (certain kinds) Ambiguity of articulation/ instrumentation Matching written values to sounding values Articulations Staccato Marcato Tentuto CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field Accent absent in MIDI Barring Accent Beams Grouping CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Proposed MIDI extensions (overview) Methods System-exclusive messages Bit re-purposing Addition of control track CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Expressive MIDI (Making MIDI more competent for notation) Who: Cooper, Ng, Boyle expEvent (SysEx) Min length = 5 bytes 0xF0 start of message 0x7D non-commercial <data bytes [2..n]> 0xF7 end of message Two encoding tables Finale [=Adobe] font list “Isolated” symbols Articulation signs Dynamics Rests Stems and tails Bit flags for graphical placement of adjunctive objects CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field Expressive MIDI Extensible symbols, with bit flags 8ve Pedal markings Trills Crescendos Beams Slurs Super objects [MuseData] Objects that pertain to multiple objects/events Beams Slurs CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Augmented MIDI (How to accommodate gesture in MIDI) Who?: Max Mathews Method Addition of “drum track” Gestural information Accents Articulations (incl. slurs) How? Reassign two bits from note-on command Max Mathews’ Radio Baton CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Numbered keyboard: Physical key is absolute Tonal music notation: Notated pitch relative to key Absolute key number 36 etc. 48 C 8ve below Middle C 60 Middle C 72 C 8ve above Middle C 84 etc. Absolute pitch = “90” Pitch names are contextual F#/Gb/E## CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

MIDI Plus (How to make MIDI enharmonically accurate) Who? Walter Hewlett Method Reassign two bits from velocity byte US Patent #5675100 (1996) http://www.google.com/patents?id=6RclAAAAEBAJ&pg=PA2&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Method for enharmonic accuracy Key number = 90 Note name depends on context Captured bit specifies name: 00 not known 01 Gb 10 F# 11 Ex (E##) Pitch names are contextual F#/Gb/E## CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Sample app with w/ enharmonic errors CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field

Pitch and timbre: Music V and CSound Musical Information 1B Pitch and timbre: Music V and CSound Approaches that define sounds Music V: Max Mathews (Bell Labs, 1960s, 1970s) Csound: Barry Vercoe (MIT, 1980s, 1990s) score scot Strengths: decimal system using cents (frequency) Instruments can be arbitrary (scot) Arbitrary objects can be encoded (pling command) Canonical Csound Reference Manual: http://csounds.com/manual/html/indexframes.html CS 275A/Music 253 2015 Eleanor Selfridge-Field