Biotechnology AQLIMA ALI & ATIKAH MSU

Fermentation Technology Genetics Engineering Diagnostics Plant Agriculture Biotechnology Health Care Bioinformatics Animal Agriculture Fermentation Technology

Biotechnology The use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of bioengineering, biomedical engineering,etc.

Genetics Engineering Genetic engineering is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. The techniques involve sophisticated manipulations of genetic material and other biologically important chemicals. Genes are the chemical blueprints that determine an organism's traits. Moving genes from one organism to another transfers those traits. Through genetic engineering, organisms can be given targeted combinations of new genes and therefore new combinations of traits that do not occur in nature and, indeed, cannot be developed by natural means. Such an approach is different from classical plant and animal breeding, which operates through selection across many generations for traits of interest. Classical breeding operates on traits, only indirectly selecting genes, whereas biotechnology targets genes, attempting to influence traits. The potential of biotechnology is to rapidly accelerate the rate of progress and efficiency of breeding.

Bioinformatics Bioinformatics is the combination of computer and biotechnology. It helps in finding the analysis of datas related to Biotechnology. It is used for various purposes like drugs, for the development of medicines; it is also used to improve the fertility of crops and plants and also for pest, drought and it is resistance to diseases. Bioinformatics is known and referred by the term aocomputational biology. It plays an important and a vital role in areas like Functional genomics, structural genomics and proteomics these areas contribute a lot and become a key contributor to Biotechnology and pharma sector.

Medicine/Health Care Red biotechnology is referred to as Medical Biotechnology. It is used for the production of drugs and antibiotic medicines. It also helps to create or design organisms. Through the process of genetic manipulation it helps to cure genetic issues in organisms. It also helps in analysing diseases in organisms. It also helps in developing new ways of diagnosis by performing tests. With the help of stem cell therapy it helps the organs to grow and it also cures the damaged issues in organisms. There are more than 250 biotechnology health care products and vaccines available to patients, many for previously untreatable diseases.

Agriculture Animal Agriculture For agriculture its divide into two: animal agriculture and plant agriculture Plant Agriculture Green Biotechnology is the term used for the agricultural sector. With the help of the process called the Micropropagation (a practice of producing larger number of plants through the existing stock of plants) which helps in selecting the right quality of plants and crops. Also with the help of Transgenic plants (plants whose DNA is modified); this design of transgenic plants helps to grow in a specified environment with the help of certain chemicals. Animal Agriculture

Fermentation Technology Metabolic process that converts sugar to acids,gases or alcohol. In preservation technique to produce lactic acid in sour food such as kimchi,yogurt and others. Fermentation also accur in the leavening of bread (carbon dioxide produced by yeast activity)

Diagnostics Combination between medical fields,engineering and education to create a solution for better healthcareand human development. Test perfomed on samples (for example blood,tissues or urine) taken from the body are a unique source of objective information about the body and how its function. This information important for clinical decision making.

Advantages of Biotechnology The benefits of biotechnology, today and in the future, are nearly limitless. Plant biotechnology offers the potential to produce crops that not only taste better but are also healthier. Agronomic or "input" traits create value by giving plants the ability to do things that increase production or reduce the need for other inputs such as chemical pesticides or fertilisers. Our current products with input traits include potatoes, corn and soybeans that produce better yields with fewer costly inputs through better control of pests and weeds. Already, farmers in Romania are growing potatoes that use 40% less chemical insecticides than would be possible using traditional techniques.

Disadvantages of biotechnology (1) Loss of privacy. Medical and genetic information is more likely to be stored and shared. (2) Discrimination. Private insurers, employers, and governmental entities are more likely to discriminate against people who have genetic or medical anomalies, especially if such information is available in databases. (3) Cloning. Reproductive cloning could create "Frankensteins" or result in eugenic practices. Therapeutic cloning is also regarded as unethical by some groups, primarily religious organizations. (4) Transformations of wild species. Exposure of wild species to genetically modified crops or domestic livestock could cause "super species" to evolve with resistance to pesticides, herbicides, or fungicides. (5) Loss of biodiversity. Development of genetically modified crops or domestic livestock could reduce genetic variety among both domesticated and wild species. (6) Harmful chemicals. Although biotechnology will generate many new and valuable chemicals, some chemicals with unknown or damaging environmental impacts are likely to be developed.

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