Research advances in Pulses IMC, Mumbai 19th November, 2015

Population of the Country is expected to exceed 169 cr by 2050 Rate of growth of population will decline from 1.25% to 0.55 %

Pulses– projected consumption demand expected to exceed 32 million Mt from current 23 million Mt Based on the ICMR recommendation of 52 gm per capita per day

India : Largest global importer of Pulses India accounts for 35% of the global area under Pulses producing about 27% of the global volume Production: 18-19 Million tonnes (39% being chickpea) Consumption: 22-23 Million tonnes Imports: 3.5-4.0 Million tonnes Import value : about 2.3 Bn US$ (~ Rs. 14000 Cr) Production is slow to grow and the consumption is increasing

Productivity of pulses in India is amongst the lowest

Pulse / Year 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Pigeon pea 3.02 3.17 2.75 Pigeon pea and Chickpea account for about 65% of the total pulses produced in the country Pulse / Year 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Pigeon pea 3.02 3.17 2.75 Chick pea 8.83 9.53 8.28 Moong 1.18 1.61 1.39 Urad 1.94 1.70 others 3.32 3.78 4.6 Total 18.34 19.78 18.43 Figs. Of production in Million Mt

Pigeonpea

Pigeon pea area, production and productivity 2012-13 Country Area (ha) Production (Tons) Yield (Kg/ha) World 62,31,862 46,79,936 7510 India 46,50,000 30,22,700 6500 Myanmar 6,50,000 8,00,000 12308 Tanzania 2,87,182 2,47,387 8614 Malawi 2,17,068 2,87,983 13267 Kenya 1,44,218 73,183 5074 Source: www.faostat.com/2013

Indian Scenario Area : 3.38 m ha Production : 2.75 m t Productivity : 800-900 kg/ha Major states in India : Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat Source: www.ICRISAT.org

Advances made for hybridization 1974 - Search of male-sterility system 1979 - First Genetic Male-sterile (GMS) line developed 1991 - First GMS based hybrid ICPH 8 was released 2004 - Cytoplasmic-genetic male-sterility systems (CMS) 2009 - At ICRISAT, three cytoplasm sources are available

Cytoplasm sources A2 A1 A4 C. scarabaeoides C. cajanifolius C. sericeus

Mahyco’s contribution in Hybrid Pigeonpea First consortia partner with ICRISAT to fund program A4 CMS system is named as Dr. Barwale CMS system Tested hybrids with medium duration maturity

Bottlenecks with Hybrid Pigeonpea Stability of the CMS system Heterosis range on farmers field Fertility restorer availability Reduced honey bee activity due to chemicals

Pigeonpea - Major causes for yield losses Pod borer complex 40-60% Wilt 10-15% Sterility mosaic 10-15% Pod fly complex 10-50%

Institutes working on Pigeonpea ICRISAT – Hybrids and transgenic IIPR – Hybrids and varieties National institutes and Universities – Stability of CMS / new sources Private organizations – Hybrids / varieties

Standard heterosis (%) List of promising hybrids developed by ICRISAT Sr. no ICPH no Yield (kg/ha) Standard heterosis (%) 1 3371 3013 62 2 3491 2919 57 3 3497 2686 44 4 3481 2637 41 5 3494 2596 39 6 2740 2900 7 3762 3000 8 2671 2509 37 9 Check 1864 - SEm ± 205.7 Mean 2448.1 CV (%) 11.9 Source: Saxena 2015: Indian J. Genet., 75(3): 279-293

Chickpea

Chickpea area, production and productivity 2012-13 Country Area (ha) Production (Tons) Yield (Kg/ha) World 1,35,70,375 1,31,18,699 9667 India 96,00,000 88,32,500 9201 Pakistan 9,91,951 7,51,223 7573 Australia 5,73,600 8,13,300 14179 Iran 5,50,000 2,95,000 5364 Turkey 4,23,557 5,06,000 11946 Source: www.faostat.com/2013

Chickpea - Major causes for yield losses Pod borer 10-90% Wilt/root rot 20-25% Source: NCIPM

Bt Chickpea can help us reduce growing import dependence in Pulses Extensive pod damage on non-Bt plants with late instar H. armigera larvae Effective control on Bt plants

Rationale for Bt Chickpea India is the largest producer of chickpea in the world and accounts for more than 60 % of the area harvested. India imports about 9.5 lakh (2014) tonnes of chickpea The area under chickpea occupies about 39% of the total pulses consumed in India. Lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera or pod borer is the most devastating insect pest of chickpea and may account up to 40% of yield losses and losses of 100% has also been reported. Helicoverpa is difficult to control because of its high fecundity, migratory behaviour, high adaptation to various climatic conditions and development of resistance against a range of insecticides. Bt chickpea with cry2Aa gene provides an alternative approach for pod borer management.

Bt Chickpea Trials

Benefits of Bt Chickpea Effectively protects the crop by control of Helicoverpa spp Provides yield gains of 25-40% Reduces costs on chemical application Benefits about 4 million of small farmers growing Chickpea Helps in Reduction of imports of pulses