Next Chapter 8 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company World History: Patterns of Interaction African cultures adapt to harsh environments, spread through major migrations, and establish powerful kingdoms. African Civilizations, 1500 B.C.-A.D. 700

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 8 World History: Patterns of Interaction African Civilizations, 1500 B.C.-A.D. 700 Diverse Societies in Africa CASE STUDY: Migration The Kingdom of Aksum SECTION 3 SECTION 2 SECTION 1

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 8 World History: Patterns of Interaction African peoples develop diverse societies as they adapt to varied environments. Diverse Societies in Africa Section-1

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 8 World History: Patterns of Interaction Geography of Africa Large continent but coastline has few ports, harbors, or inlets Challenging Environments Africa has many deserts, including huge Sahara The southern edge of the expanding Sahara is called the Sahel Rainforests found near central part of continent Welcoming Lands Northern coast and southern tip of Africa have Mediterranean climates Savannas, or grasslands, cover almost half of Africa Diverse Societies in Africa Section-1 A Land of Geographic Contrasts

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 8 World History: Patterns of Interaction Transition to a Settled Lifestyle Agriculture probably develops by 6000 B.C. As the Sahara dried up, farmers move to West Africa or Nile Valley Agriculture allows permanent settlement, governments to develop Early Humans Adapt to Their Environments Nomadic Lifestyle Earliest people are nomadic hunter-gatherers Herders drive animals to find water, graze pastures

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 8 World History: Patterns of Interaction Societies Organized by Family Groups Extended families made up of several generations Families with common ancestors form groups known as clans Local Religions Early religions usually include elements of animism—belief in spirits Keeping a History Few African societies have written languages History, literature, culture passed on by storytellers called griots Cultures in West Africa are advanced long before outsiders arrive Early Societies in Africa

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 8 World History: Patterns of Interaction Learning About the Past Artifacts reveal how people lived in the past Evidence of sub-Saharan cultures producing iron around 500 B.C. The Nok Culture Nok—West Africa’s earliest known culture—made iron tools, weapons Djenné-Djeno From 600–200 B.C., cities begin to develop near rivers, oases Djenné-Djeno—Africa’s oldest known city (250 B.C.), discovered in 1977 Bustling trade center; linked West African towns, camel trade routes West African Iron Age

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 8 World History: Patterns of Interaction Section-2 Migration Relocation of large numbers of Bantu-speaking people brings cultural diffusion and change to southern Africa. Case Study: Bantu-Speaking Peoples

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 8 World History: Patterns of Interaction Migration Migration—permanent move to new place; a pattern in human culture Causes of Migration Push-pull factors—Conditions that push people out of an area or pull them in Effects of Migration Brings diverse cultures into contact; changes life in the new land Tracing Migration Through Language One way to trace migration is to study how languages spread Africa has many complex language families Section-2 People on the Move Migration Case Study: Bantu-Speaking Peoples

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 8 World History: Patterns of Interaction Bantu-speaking Peoples Bantu-speaking peoples—early Africans who spread culture and language Originally lived in savanna south of Sahara; now southeastern Nigeria The word Bantu means “the people” Migration Begins Bantu speakers migrate south and east starting about 3000 B.C. Live by slash-and-burn farming, nomadic herding Share skills, learn new customs, adapt to environment Continued… Massive Migrations

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 8 World History: Patterns of Interaction Causes of Migration Bantu speakers move to find farmland, flee growing Sahara Need iron ore resources and hardwood forests for iron smelting Within 1,500 years they reach southern tip of Africa 2 Effects of the Migration Bantu speakers drive out some inhabitants; intermix with others Bantu migrations produce a great variety of cultures Language helps unify the continent Massive Migrations

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 8 World History: Patterns of Interaction The kingdom of Aksum becomes an international trading power and adopts Christianity. Section-3 The Kingdom of Aksum

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 8 World History: Patterns of Interaction Aksum’s Geography Aksum—kingdom replaces Kush in East Africa; blend of Africans, Arabs Located on Horn of Africa, modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea Trading kingdom linking Africa and Indian Ocean trade routes The Origins of Aksum Land first mentioned in Greek guidebook in A.D. 100 Rulers take control of areas around Blue Nile and Red Sea Dynasty of Aksum rules until 1975; ends with death of Haile Selassie Section-3 The Kingdom of Aksum The Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum Continued…

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 8 World History: Patterns of Interaction Aksum Controls International Trade Aksum is hub for caravan routes to Egypt and Meroë Adulis, chief port, has access to Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean A Strong Ruler Expands the Kingdom King Ezana—strong ruler of Aksum from A.D. 325 to 360 He conquers part of Arabian peninsula, now Yemen In 350 conquers Kushites and burns Meroë to ground The Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum {continued}

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 8 World History: Patterns of Interaction Aksum Culture Blended cultural traditions of Arab peoples and Kushites Adulis population: Egyptian, Arabian, Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian Greek is international language; Aksumites trade gold to Rome Aksumite Religion Believe in one god, Mahrem, and that king descended from him Are animists—worship spirits of nature and ancestors Exposed to Christianity by traders An International Culture Develops Continued…

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 8 World History: Patterns of Interaction Aksum Becomes Christian Young King Ezana educated by Christian man from Syria As ruler, Ezana declares Christianity as kingdom’s official religion Aksum, now part of Ethiopia, still home to millions of Christians Aksumite Innovations Written language, minted coins, irrigation canals and dams Aksumites invent terrace farming due to hilly location Terraces—step like ridges constructed on mountain slopes An International Culture Develops {continued}

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 8 World History: Patterns of Interaction Islam Aksum kingdom lasts 800 years; witnesses rise of Islam religion Followers of prophet Muhammad conquer all of Arabia by 632 Islamic Invaders Between A.D. 632 and 710, Islamic invaders leave Aksum alone In A.D. 710, they attack port city of Adulis, causing Aksum’s decline Aksum Isolated As Islam spreads, Aksum rulers move capital to northern Ethiopia Isolation, soil erosion, deforestation cause loss of remaining power The Fall of Aksum

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