L UNG C APACITY

Under normal conditions, your regular breathing does not use up the full capacity of you lungs. As your body’s needs increase, so does the volume of air drawn into your lungs.

TIDAL VOLUME: INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME: Normal inhalation an normal exhalation (normal breathing) The maximum inhale after a normal inhalation

EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME: VITAL CAPACITY The maximum exhalation after a normal exhalation The total volume of gas that can be moved in or out of lungs TV + IRV + ERV = VC

RESIDUAL VOLUME RESPIRATORY EFFICIENCY Volume of air always left in lungs to prevent collapse (dead air) Rate at which oxygen can be transferred into the bloodstream for transport to the rest of the body

O XYGEN TRANSPORT Is the respiratory pigment found in the rbc’s that binds to oxygen The molecule that is created when the two bond is called When oxygen concentrations are high, hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen and will form a loose bond, this occurs in the Hemoglobin oxyhemoglobin Lungs/alveoli

When oxygen concentrations are low, hemoglobin releases oxygen to deliver it to areas of low concentration, this occurs in the Equation: alveoli Hb + O 2 HbO 2 tissues Tissue capillaries

C ARBON D IOXIDE TRANSPORT Carbon dioxide is much more soluble than oxygen and therefore it doesn’t have any special transporters Approximately 9% of the carbon dioxide produced in our cells is carried in the __________, approximately 27% combines with to form _________, and the remaining 64% combines with to form ______________ (H 2 CO 3 ) Plasma Hemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin water Carbonic acid

An enzyme called speeds up this reaction, this allows carbon dioxide concentration in the blood to stay low which in turn makes sure that carbon dioxide continues to diffuse into the blood Because our body is creating an acid, this can change the in the blood, which can actually cause death. To combat these pH changes we have Carbonic anhydrase pH buffers

A buffer is substance that acids and bases, thus maintaining the original pH of the solution Carbonic acid is unstable and dissociates into (HCO 3 - ) and (H + ) Acts as a buffer, because it binds with the hydrogen ions to increase the pH of the blood back to normal neutralizes Bicarbonate ions Hydrogen ions hemoglobin

Once the venous blood that is carrying carbon dioxide in all of its forms has reached the lungs, the oxygen dislodges the hydrogen ions so that they can combine with the to form The highly concentrated carbon dioxide diffuses from the into the ______ and is eventually eliminated during Bicarbonate ions Carbon dioxide and water blood lungs exhalation

Equations for carbon dioxide transport:

In class: -Read pg “Mechanics of Breathing” -Answer Questions pg 267 # 1, 2 -Read Section 8.4 pg “Control and Regulation” -Answer Questions pg. 273 # 1-3