Chapter 10 Modern Language Mosaics Language and Culture Language and Trade Multilingualism Official Languages

Language and Culture English is the primary medium of international communication Case in Malaysia (Bahasa Malayu vs. English) - promote the country’s international and domestic competitiveness, Culture ? Long-term effect. Why Spanish should be treated differently? in United States... The Esperanto Experiment - in early 20th century, a world language from Latin and modern European languages was created. It is not a global tongue but another Indo-European language. Europe is already a multilingual region.

Language and Trade - Lingua Franca Traders wanted to communicate for trading, before the Esperanto, Lingua Franca was created from the Mediterranean Sea following Crusades. Franks mixed with Italian, Greek, Spanish and Arabic A product of linguistic convergence Good Example-Swahili-developed from Bantu,Arabic and Persian-with complex vocabulary and structure. And Hausa. Creolization English in Australia, India, and South Africa…difference in cadence, rhythm and speed.- from relocation Through contact with other languages, a language changed, modified to become “pidgin” - Caribbean region:English + African languages =pidgin English

Figure 10-1: Three African Linguae Francae

Creolization -2 As years go by, the original language fade away (no more African language), and was replaced by more complex pidgin. Such replacement called”creolization”, The original pidgin becomes a lingua franca and is referred to as a creole language West Pacific-Melanesian a creole language based on English West Africa - Wes Kos -a pidgin language, continuing to develop, but Swahili is a full-fledged Bantu language, not a creole or pidgin due to its complex structure and vocabulary. Pidgin and Creole -tend to be simple and accessible. In Southeast Asia, Bazaar Malay becomes a lingua franca in that region

Creole and pidgin Western Pacific-Melanesian a creole language based on English West Africa - Wes Kos -a pidgin language, continuing to develop, but Swahili is a full-fledged Bantu language, not a creole or pidgin due to its complex structure and vocabulary. Pidgin and Creole -tend to be simple and accessible. In Southeast Asia, Bazaar Malay becomes a lingua franca in that region

Multilingualism They are only a few near-monolingual country - Japan, Uraguay, Venezuela, Ireland, Portugal, Poland and Lesotho. Actually, there is no true monolingual country. Mexico and Guatemala (Native Americans)(figure 10-2) Canada,Czechoslovakia and Belgium (languages divide regions). Switzerland -4 regions (figure 10-3) South Africa - no regional separation due to different languages Failed examples-Russia and Cyprus (figure 10-4)

Figures 10-2 and 10-3

Belgium Flanders - Northwest European region, Flemish speaking, center of the cloth industry - Germanic Wallonia: Walloons,granted limited autonomy in 1980, Romance

Figure 10-4, Cyprus’s Majorities before 1974 1974 hostilities divided the island into two areas, Greek area controlled by Cypriot Government (59% land area), separated by UN buffer zone (4% land) two UK sovereign areas about 0.6 times the size of Connecticut 78% Greek, 18% Turkish

Canada British N.America Act of 1867-French protected in Quebec, 85% of 7million speak French now. 1977 law passed required business in French. 1988 law prohibits any language other than French in commercial signs. Huge language problems arose from such movement. English should be treated the same way as French in other regions? Less than 700,000 French-speaking Canadians live outside Quebec. Quebec Independence movement - 1995

Figure 10-5

Nigeria -With 3 major regional languages (Huasa, Yoruba and Ibo), more than a dozen spoken by 1 to 5 million and 230 lessor tonegues 100 million population, adopted English as official language which doesn’t make too much sense if the kids plunge into the society after the six year elementary school with English learning environment Hausa Yoruba Ibo

Official Language Umbrella language as official languages- Angola -Portugese, Nigeria and Ghana-English, Cote d’Ivorie -French, Table 10-1.

Classification of Place Names by George Stewart Toponymy Classification of Place Names by George Stewart Study of place names Place name provide the history and culture, route of diffusion and ways of life Two-part names- Battle Creek, Amster/dam, Pitts/burgh, Cooke/Ville Descriptive-Rocky Mt. Associative-Mill Valley,California Incident-Battle Creek Possessive-Johnson City Commemorative-San Francisco Folk-Etymology-Georgia Manufactured-Truth,New Mexico Mistake-Lasker,North Carolina Shift-Alpine Mt.

Place Names Change Names Moscow -is “Moskva” in Russian. In Finnish, “kva” is “water”- Finnish peoples lived there before. “Cape Horn” named from Dutch’s “Cape Hoorn” and “Cabo Hornos” in Spanish (Cape of Ovens) - Mistake Change Names After Independence, African countries changed the names of places,even country’s name. Eg. Upper Volta to Burkina Faso, Gold Coast to Ghana Collapse of the Soviet Union, Leningrad to St. Petersburg Name change can evoke strong reactions, government is trying to move slowly to avoid arousing emotions in South Africa

Name change again? Mobutu changed “Cogo” to “Zaire” -1997, Kabila changed name back to Democratic “Republic of the Congo” 1989, “Burma” changed to “Myanmar” from general again.